Alienation in Lost in Translation

However, Copula suggests this inability to communicate is extrapolated by a paradigm of urgency, specifically instant ratification, as symbolized through the setting of Tokyo as a world of consumerism. This is conveyed in the opening scene when the low angle shots of neon advertisements and towering skyscrapers is coupled with the chaotic motion of the Shabbily crowd. Through this Copula presents individuals who are left behind by the pace of the global world.This is shown through the framing of the city which is often shot out of focus In relation to the individual who Is positioned behind symbolic barriers Like windows. Our desire for Instant gratification and immediacy Is further evinced through the onset of new communication technologies. For example, Bob communicates with his wife exclusively by the fax machine and Charlotte friend accepts that everything Is â€Å"great† despite her troubled state of mind. Indeed the suspicion that we can never truly communicate in a worl d where meaning is constantly deferred leads to alienation.The absence of meaning leads to ennui as represented through Bob's insomnia, Charlotte self help CD â€Å"A Soul's Search† and their hermetic occupation of the hotel, a traditional â€Å"non-space†. Thus, with emphasis on the 21st century, Copula conveys a sense of desalination brought on by our inability to understand and be understood a dilemma which has extrapolated the elliptical limitations of language. To this end Copula suggests that we are constantly lost In translation. In our rush to embrace the global, we must not lose sight of tradition.Evaluate In contrast, McLeod explores how the dilemmas of globalization, particularly the pressures of an economic paradigm, force certain Individuals to concede their traditions as a way to survive. In his story â€Å"In the Fall† he portrays Individuals' Limited ability to retain the tradition of kinship and sentimentality in a world which teen moral necessi ty symbolized through the father's desire to keep the horse, Scott, and material necessity, represented through the chickens that are being raised for slaughter.The characterization of the mother as a pragmatic woman is shown through her hair which is pulled back â€Å"severely', a characteristic which has been molded by the hardships of poverty. However with the successful transfer of the horse she lets her hair down a gesture which evokes her vulnerability, McLeod portraying the burdens and tragedies, the pragmatic if inhuman choices individuals must make in the face of necessity. This is portrayed through Manacle's use of pathetic fallacy. The sea which â€Å"crashes†¦ Relentless and unforgiving†, reflects the anguish of the characters which intensifies during the horse's transaction.Indeed the rain makes aggressive contact with them as suggested by the terms â€Å"slashes, stings and burns† imagery that evokes the global world's violent encroachment on the co mmunities that can't afford to keep traditions like sentimentality alive. To this end, McLeod portrays how individuals must lose sight of certain traditions if they are to survive in the global world, a conclusion which is ultimately represented by the ember diction of â€Å"my parents are blown together, only trying to hold their place† a lament for this loss of tradition.Yet at the same time, McLeod also explores how the erosion of tradition by the global world has sparked local movements of resistance in the form of cultural revivals. The miners in his story â€Å"The Closing Down of Summer† reaffirm their Gaelic traditions by returning home the centre where they can replenish themselves. As the miners shower beneath a waterfall, the idyllic imagery of the water which symbolizes life and vitality runs down their bodies to their feet which stand in the sea.This is then Juxtaposed with the â€Å"spraying shower nozzles of the world's great mining developments† an image of sterility which evokes the wholesome nature of tradition. Indeed cultural revival is also evinced through the revival of language. The narrator describes how Gaelic â€Å"so constant and unchanging began to bubble up within me† the introspective overtone suggesting how one preserves tradition to safeguard a sense of certainty. Yet the miner also concedes how some defining traditions of the local, such as physical hardship will be lost.This is conveyed through the line â€Å"[the narrators] children will grow fatly affluent before they are thirty' the fricative alliteration suggesting the narrator's bitterness towards the new generation that has embraced the alternative albeit easier lifestyles provided by the global world. Thus McLeod explores the how tradition is significant for identity and community but he ultimately reflects the permanence of loss and change -traditions are inevitably lost when choice becomes available and circumstances no longer dictate the way we sustain ourselves.

Conservative, Liberal and Marxist History

History has been understood differently by different people. While some have understood it as the study of the past events, others have defined it as a record of human actions which have occurred in the past. 1 However the variety of definitions, it should be pointed out that history does not constitute everything that happened in the past. Only those past activities which have had a bearing on the present are what may qualify to be worth history. 2 Just as there are many definitions of history, so are there many branches of history.This essay is meant to define and illustrate the importance of three of the braches of history. These include Conservative, Liberal and Marxist History. The essay is organized in two parts. The first part will provide in-depth understanding of the three terms, whereas the second part will show how important each of them is in the study of history. Conservative History is one historical interpretation of history which traces its foundation in the word â₠¬ËœConservatism’. Conservatism literary means preservation of what has always been tradition.It is an ideology which favours status quo and is very reluctant to accept change. Conservatives prefer having things continues as they have been in the past. Any drastic change to tradition is viewed with suspicion. According to this ideology, political and other human institutions have endured through ages because of tradition. For this reason, change should only be accepted very gradually. 3 Having looked at conservatism, it may now be imperative to define Conservative History as that branch of history whose writings are based on maintaining history as has always been written, without altering it.In this vein, this history favours tradition, as no perceptions or any other radical views are not emphasized. Conservative Historians may also write history not to preserve the past, but to remind society of the good olden tradition. The goal in this case, is to see societies revert back to the values of earlier times. Because of its emphasis on the value of tradition, Conservative History has always perpetuated inequalities, absolutist regimes and domination of the poor by the upper class. 4 Liberal History as the word ‘liberal’ suggests, comes from the Latin word ‘liber’ meaning ‘free’.The word therefore, has more to do with freedom or liberty. Liberalism advocates for equality of opportunity for all and allows maximum freedom to individuals while limiting the powers of government. The earliest form of Liberal History was a reaction to the conservative history, which was being considered as static. Liberal History advocated for the freedom of thought for historians as a way of ensuring the progress of humanity. Core to this branch of history is the belief that if historians are to write history which promotes progress, then historians should not be controlled in trying to seek historical truth.The past, present and future are seen as being interconnected and influencing one another. Therefore, it is not necessary to emphasize one when all the three (past, present and future) collectively shape history of humanity. According to liberal historians, it is possible to analyze history progressively rather than look at it as tradition. They totally differ with conservatives who may always want to maintain status quo in areas such as divine rights of kings and hereditary status among many others. They regard traditions as having no value other than hindering social progress.Further, they hold the view that traditions and other social practices should continually be adjusted for the benefit of humanity. In other words, Liberal History constitutes those historical accounts which are highly critical of certain traditions and cultures, referring to them as uncivilized, barbaric and primitive. 6 Marxist History’s origin may be traced to the works of Karl Marx (1818- 1853) who analyzed human history and concl uded that it was all about class struggles. 7 It is also called Radical History.Marx theorized that in every historical era, there is always a dominating class and an oppressed class, as well as a struggle between these classes. According to him, these struggles are perpetuated by the state and economic conditions such as capitalism which produces oppressed classes. He contended that capitalists will destroy engage in brutal competitive struggles with each other, thereby giving an opportunity to the exploited laboring classes to rise up against capitalism and overthrow it so that they replace it with communism.In communism, there would be no classes and economic benefits would be shared equitably. 8 Marxist History is therefore, that interpretation of history on the basis of not only social and political factors but also economic factors. Marxist historians asserted that poverty and diseases of the poor people are as a result of social classes and conditions under which peasants liv ed and worked. 9 The base of man’s problems was to be found in the division of society into classes. Therefore, in order building a society with no exploitation is only dependant on the forceful removal of the capitalist  system.At the centre of radical history is the argument that the historical analysis of man’s progress and development is meaningless unless that analysis puts into consideration the economic and social relations aspect. 10 This is unlike liberal history which only emphasizes the social and political factors in the analysis of man’s development. So far, it is clear that Marxist History differs considerably from the other two branches discussed. For example, whereas liberal history centres on man’s progress, Marxist history is more concerned with changing the world.Marxist historians advocate for a radical transformation of the economic and social conditions by removing capitalist relations. This would have to be done through a violent revolution. An example of radical historians is Paulo Freire who championed the cause of the oppressed in his book, ‘Pedagogy of the Oppressed’. 11 In this book, he campaigned for the liberation of the poor who had been oppressed by the dominant classes. Having discussed the three branches of history in detail, the essay will now focus on the importance of each of these branches in the study of history.Merely defining the concepts without illustrating their relevance can render futile the need to understand them (branches) in the study of history. It should be noted from the onset that while all the branches discussed may have their faults or inadequacies, they all are very relevant in the study of history. Many a time, historians align themselves with one of the many branches, and this reflects in their works. The importance of Conservative History can never be overemphasized. What is life without tradition?No society would be what it is today without the contribution of past values and traditions. Though arguable, it could be true to assert that the world has evolved into what it is today because of the good values of the past. It is for this reason that caution ought to be taken to ensure that societies and politics remain immune to temptations to change. Conservative history is premised on the old adage that ‘the devil you know is better than the angel you do not know’. The emphasis on maintaining the status quo will definitely result in continuity and stability of societies and institutions.Conservative history gives an impression that things were better in the past than they are now and that there is need to go back to the olden ways. This is especially true in the area of African education. Indigenous education was better compared to the current western education, which promotes nothing but social stratification and unemployment. The entire curriculum is so irrelevant, bookish, with very few practical subjects at selected level s of education12. However, looking into the past, it is vivid that traditional education which was offered ensured a rounded education and comprehensive preparation for real life.There was no such thing as unemployment! Owing to the fact the past was much better off than the present, conservative history plays an invaluable role in enlightening the present generations on the achievements of the past. Its stress on the need to return to the values of the earlier times has always been received positively. In Zambia for example, there are moves to ruralize the school curriculum so that it includes some of the traditional aspects which have direct relevance to societies.13 Further, tribute should be paid to conservative historians for their role in the re-writing of African History which had been greatly tarnished by some liberal historians. The first writers of African history portrayed it in a very negative way. The African ways of life were seen as heathen, barbaric, primitive, backw ard and uncivilized. 14 It had to take conservative African historians to try to erase the fabrications, omissions and stereotypes of colonial historians. By eulogizing the African past, conservative historians have made a huge contribution to the study of history.Like Conservative History, Liberal history plays an important role in the interpretation of history. The notion of the past as a continuation into the present and future is very true and important. It is very true in the sense that society is indeed dynamic. The conditions of the past may not be the same conditions now. Therefore, societies cannot afford to be static in a fast changing world. For example, in the 1970s, Zambia and many other countries were under socialist and dictatorship regimes. It worked so well that time. However, in the 1990s, a wind of change blew, and countries could not afford to remain static.Many socialist governments were toppled and replaced with more democratic and capitalist governments which espoused the principle of liberalization. The role of liberal history in promoting the progress of society cannot be overlooked. Besides, this is the only branch of history which makes it easy to analyze the past in order to understand the present and finally forecast the future. By supporting social progressivism, certain bad elements of tradition can be done away with. Such elements or practices include the divine rights of rulers, hereditary statusand other injustices. 15 In the study of history, this branch helps greatly in the understanding of present events as offshoots of past events. In addition, it is the goal of liberal history to be written from several view points as long as it has man’s freedoms at the centre. 16 This branch is very important because it allows for the different perspectives with people try to explain historical events. Without liberal history, there would only be one universal interpretation of historical facts. It concerns itself with the politi cal and social life of societies.These are very cardinal aspects of history which demand for interpretation. Marxist history has an immense contribution it makes in the study of history. As discussed earlier, this branch fills the void left by liberal history. The latter only addressed the social and political aspects leaving the economic aspect which also contributes to man’s progress in both political and social life. Though radical in nature, this branch provides a working interpretation or hypothesis of the existing social classes and consequent class struggles in man’s history.17 It is therefore, possible to understand the source of the frequent conflicts between workers and owners of the means of production. Conservative and liberal history may not answer the questions of about poverty and diseases from which poor people suffer. Yet, these are very important questions in any study of history. Radical or Marxist history hence, becomes imperative because it provide s answers to these questions. According to this branch, poverty and disease are as a result of the creation of classes based on economic factors.In other words, capitalism which is the main cause of division of societies is the base of man’s problems and exploitation. 18 Another important aspect of Marxist history in the study of history is its role in trying to change the world. This branch of history attempts to cleanse the world of the social ills and inequalities by bringing them out in the open. It therefore, advocates for a radical transformation and liberation of the poor’s economic and social conditions. Careful analysis of Marxist history offers a good explanation for the under-development of Africa.Colonialism which brought with it capitalism, is blamed for the exploitation of African human and material resources. This knowledge is important in the study of African history. It is necessary to learn how African peasants and workers were stripped of their resou rces by the greedy colonial capitalists. Throughout the colonial period (and even now), Africans did not benefit from their resources. 19 Rather, they have always been suppliers of cheap labour to the capitalists. In summary, this essay has defined three of the many branches of history, namely: Conservative Liberal and Marxist.Conservative history bases its writings on the preservation of what has been traditionally followed. It has no room for divergent and radical views other than the status quo. Liberal history on the other hand, emphasizes freedom of thought for historians as a way of promoting historical progress of humanity. It is a reaction to conservative history. Finally, Marxist history is a radical view of history which emphasizes the interpretation of history on the basis of both social and economic factors.The essay has further, illustrated the importance of each of the branches discussed. Conservative history is cardinal to the understanding and appreciation of the pas t traditions and cultures. Liberal history facilitates an understanding of present events and projection of the future through analysis of the past. Economic inequalities and problems in man’s history can be better explained by Marxist history. It is therefore, clear that historical accounts of all the three branches discussed are extremely relevant in the study of history.

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Executive Summary - Essay Example Generally, the advancement in technology has led to the increase in the use of computers worldwide even in the developing countries. This implies that there is increase in the demand for computers and the subsequent repair to the parts. This presents a chance for the company to offer its services worldwide. The business was formed in February 13th 2011 with the founders being Michael McDonald and Ben Omogen. McDonald and Omogen are the directors for the company ensuring that the there is positive image of the firm in the market, especially to the investors. The company has employed two hundred and fifteen in all its five locations in USA. The main branch is in New York with the other branches being in California, Illinois, New Orleans, and Missouri. In terms of performance, the company is in a good position in the market when considering the higher sales that it got in its last year operation. The company obtained an overall of $200,000 compared to the $50,000 in last year. This represents a growth of $150000 within just one year. The company also realized a net increase in its cash and cash equivalents of $41383 as shown in the income statement. Computer Galore complement the computer retail business by offering repair service after the computer’s warranty coverage has elapsed. Computer Galore will engage in the selling of computer parts and software and is also engaged in the customization, upgrade, repair, virus removal and hard disk data recovery of computers (Du et al, 2008). The company intends to create a niche in the computer retail and service industry by providing customized computers as well as providing repair service at a significantly lower cost than competition delivered through an unparalleled customer service. It will work in synergy with the computer customization business as the skills needed in the repair

Siemens Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Siemens - Research Paper Example country specific trends industry trends Social cultural change expectations demographics family change Technological latest technological trends and advancements technology incentives automation Environmental cost implications public opinion sites and locations Legislative European legislation Special government directives Similar to PESTEL's internal external factors SWOT analysis also covers both these aspects classifying them as opportunitites and threats. SWOT SWOT Analysis, is one of the most commonly used strategic tools in business analysis. It evaluates the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of an organization. Strengths - attributes of the organization that are helpful to its objective. Major plus points. Weaknesses - attributes of the organization that are harmful to its objective. Major negatives. Opportunities - Possible conditions that can help/profit the organization. Threats - Possible conditions that can be harmful for the organization. SWOT analysis identifies both internal and external factors affecting an organization, so the four major categories can be further grouped into two major ones: Internal factors - Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors (depending on their impact on the organization's objectives) External factors - Opportunities and threats are posed by external environment (these factors are more closely related with PESTEL analysis) Porters Five Forces Model The five forces model presented by Michael Porter is one of the most widely used models for understanding the nature of competition in any industry. The five forces according to Porter are: The threat of entry of new competitors (new entrants) The threat of substitutes The bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of...The first part will give a description of and analyze the primary internal and external influences which affect the organization (Siemens). The second part has to do with current changing competitive environment which the organization has to face. Since organizations do not operate in vacuum and the productivity of an organization is always linked to certain factors which in this case are called influences, it is important for an organization to know what those influences are. Influences can be both internal and external and this report will try to analyze both types since both are equally important. Apart from an analysis of the primary influences on an organization we will also analyze the effect these influences have on Siemens. This technique is an updated form of PEST analysis it stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Environment and Legislative. It analyses the external influences on a business. PESTEL can help understand market growth or decline, business position, and future potential and direction for operations. (Barkema and Vermeulen, 2005) One of the major costs of doing a business is of obtaining raw materials. Suppliers are those entities that supply an organization with that vital component.

Global Challenges Impacting SMEs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Challenges Impacting SMEs - Essay Example As the research stresses globalized and integrated platform, it has become mandatory for the SMEs to develop their resources, capabilities and competencies for being able to confront and mitigate the completion and challenges arising from the developed and emerging countries and at the same time capture the new opportunities arising in the markets of these countries. For this purpose, the SMEs have to first identify the challenges and sources of challenges and prioritise the same so that they can prepare suitable strategic management plans and business development plans which are to be implemented for reinforcing the sustainability, growth and success of these enterprises. According to the dicussion findings challenging and dynamic global markets have created the need for the SMEs to compete with both domestic and international rivals. In addition to that, the need to consider a number of emerging issues like sustainability, ethical and environmental compliance , human rights management and the management of cross cultural business activities and diversified and homogenous human resource groups also act as key challenges that have to mitigated and managed by companies of all level. Nevertheless, in such adverse situations, the competitive capability of the SMEs is often questionable. The SMEs as business organizations face challenges because of two main aspects.

Strategic Asset Seeking. Chinese Business Groups and their Differences Essay

Strategic Asset Seeking. Chinese Business Groups and their Differences in Oversees Expansions - Essay Example Initially, the strategy of FDI targeted the developed countries, but with the improved technology, research, and development there has been impressive expansion of foreign investment in the developing countries, which contributes to the continued integration and growth in the global economy. However, as foreign direct investment increases and promotes the local communities and governments, the investors are driven by a certain motive; either to seek market, resource, efficiency, or for purposes of strategic assets as an opportunity in a foreign nation. Strategic asset seeking FDI aligns itself for reasons of achieving competitive advantage in the long run. According to Wigdor, its main purpose is to acquire resources or skills which the investors are convinced will offer, secure, and enhance the firms and its products competitive advantages.This type of FDI occurs at various locations to grasp the opportunities of the existing expertise and held knowledge to experience the benefits o f the long term strategic objectives. Sauvant argues that it occurs when firms Trans-nationalize, obtaining proprietary assets of a foreign company wholly or partially, which narrows down to strategic alliances, mergers, and acquisitions. It also occurs when access to local distribution systems, recognized brand names, and managerial practice and expertise are improved by means of proximity of operations, or direct purchases.2 Transnational companies have formed alliances with local companies in different industrialized nations and the global south, not only to respond to the changing market conditions, but to also access the intangible assets in the foreign land, while facilitating development. Sometimes the assets are not directly transferrable through the existing market transactions, hence given that they are characterized of being exploited in their host countries, companies that are willing to access the assets can either invest in the host country, where the assets are create d via the acquisition of the core personnel, or joint ventures that provide a better opportunity of technological exchange and collaboration. This is how foreign companies can tap into the resources and use them into their production processes. Chinese Business Groups and their Differences in Oversees Expansions China has a tremendous structure of business organizations and government enterprise relationship. In the context of the Chinese business groups, State owned enterprises seem to have a founded relationship with the major economic and market institutions of China, which enhance their successful operations and market dominance. With the numerous changes in the world and China’s economies, business organizations in China have evolved. Today, its business groups not only consist of SOEs and Private enterprises, but the foreign funded businesses as well. Like their Korean and Japan counterparts, Chinese Business groups employ the network based group structure, expanding in to different areas and industries, while being backed up by the government in various ways, and under strict management of their established financial companies that provide finances to the member firms.3 There are also affiliated companies to the Chinese business groups (qiyejituan), which bear the costs and benefits accrued from the association. With regard to the economic reforms that began in the late 1970s, China’

Enterprising management ( food care ltd-quality caterer must cut a Essay

Enterprising management ( food care ltd-quality caterer must cut a bigger slice of the profits cake) - Essay Example Another ploy used by rivals is the offer of other services unrelated to catering to suggest as a bundle of services to customers who prefer to devolve these to a single party for sake of convenience and overall lower costs. Yet another worry for FCL is the rumour that it is likely to be taken over by a larger rival. This puts off the prospective or existing customer in the belief that their quality will be affected adversely. This also affects the workforce as they feel threatened by these takeover prospects. There are three issues that need to be dealt with. (1) A definitive business strategy needs to be designed to take the business forward; (2) Profitability has to increase from the present low of 2%; and finally the (3) Self-esteem, especially of the workforce, has to be boosted. Strategy can be planned by understanding the nature and need of competitive advantage; increase in profits requires a business plan; and raising self esteem in the workforce requires motivation. (1) Business strategy has to revolve around acquiring and then maintaining customers. This has special application in the catering business where the customer is retained for very long periods. In such organisations the orders are repetitive and require tailor made executions that must continue to satisfy the customer. Customer satisfaction rests on the principles of quality, price and service. The customer has to be convinced that quality will mean long-term health and nutritious value of the meals supplied. Price has to be competitive and for this the strengthened supply chain will ensure lowest costs. Still some price escalations may happen and it is here that the element of strong service comes into play. Service can include some peripheral services like running of the catering centre from the customer premises or providing some extras to augment tastes and preferences. These services must however relate to the core competency of the organisation as it is here that they will be

How is academic performance affected by mood stabilizing medication on Research Paper

How is academic performance affected by mood stabilizing medication on school children - Research Paper Example The range of disorders that mood stabilizers can be used to treat include bipolar disorder 1, bipolar disorder 2, cyclothymia, schizoaffective disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, any medical condition in which mania is a symptom (such as stroke, cancer, temporal lobe syndrome), recurrent depression as a prophylaxis, etc (Jacobson, 2001). Bipolar disorder is often seen in children suffering from ADHD, along with several other co-morbid conditions. Mood stabilizers are used to treat several disorders in which aggression, agitation and impulsivity are symptoms. Aggressive behavior is common in several other disorders such as conduct disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, mental retardation, deliriums and dementia. Along with agitation, the child may also have accompanying psychosis, mood changes, anxiety, and insomnia. However, mood stabilizers have a range of positive and negative effects, and a lot of consideration is given to the effect of the drug over the academic p erformance of the child (Kane, 2004). In this paper, 10 handpicked studies from various databases including Cochrane, Pubmed, BMJ and Google Scholar were being analyzed for findings regarding the effect of mood stabilizers on the academic performance of school children. Taken into consideration were the impact of the disease itself, and the course of the disease with respect to the academic performance when treated or untreated with mood stabilizers. Though there are a number of effects of mood stabilizers on the academic performance, they are vital for effective management of the disease, and the treatment of such children has to be carefully evaluated. Body The first paper that is being reviewed is by Smarty and Findling 2007, in which they conducted a review of the psychopharmacology of a pediatric bipolar disorder. According to the researchers, the disorder itself is debilitating to the child and may have long-term and short-term implications in the school, home or in social settings, and can also affect the academic performance of the child. Besides several other disorders such as ADHD, OPP, substance abuse and conduct disorders can affect Bipolar disorder, which in turn can affect the effectiveness of the treatment of bipolar disorder. This is an important point to be taken into consideration whilst assessing the overall effectiveness of the drugs belonging to the mood stabilizers group. The authors conducted a Medline search over the articles published between 1995 and 2006 for treatment practices for bipolar disorders. The study found that lithium, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics were equally beneficial in the treatment of the mania phase bipolar disorders in youth, though data was lacking with the depressive phase of the disorder. Data even suggested that combination therapy was better than monotherapy especially in the maniac or mixed phases. Besides, many studies did not present much information on the treatment of cormobidities and relapses with the disease. The study in general sugg ested treatment of cormobidities and relapses using evidence-based guidelines, as these could affect the academ

Impact of Technology on Small Businesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Impact of Technology on Small Businesses - Essay Example In the present paper the impact of technology is critically analyzed to understand whether adopting technology in its various forms is profitable to small businesses or not through qualitative research methodology. Small businesses drive the economy by leading in innovation and very crucial for national economies because of their large contribution in terms of employment and turnover (Burns, 2007). Small Medium Enterprises (SME) according to the Bolton committee is defined as an independent local firm whose ownership and management is vested in the same individuals and market share is small. A firm is termed as SME when it meets two of the three criteria’s namely consisting â€Å"up to 250 employees, up to  £50 million annual turnover and  £43 million annual statement of financial position total† as given by the European Commission of 2003 (Amm, 2011, p.1). Small businesses like large firms, in their operations try to apply latest technologies in order to be competitive, knowledgeable, more efficient and eventually more profitable (Kierman, 1995). However it has been found that technology is also negatively affecting the small businesses by decreasing the personal aspect of the business relationship, surveillance and constant monitoring using technology is decreasing employee morale and productivity significantly and brick and mortar small stores are losing their market share to large companies who use technology extensively (Hanley, 2013) moreover technology brings change that might not be adopted well by employees and is expensive and keeps changing (Keirman, 1995 and Burgess, 2002). SME’s compared to larger firms respond quickly to market threats and opportunities because they are more market-driven than larger firms who are more research driven. And use innovative technology or technology innovatively in developing new markets and about ten percent of SMEs are technology based and can be termed as innovative.  

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Law - Essay Example Bright when he moved in to the house. Mr. Bright brought the property through Devon Aspects, an estate agent, upon the advice of his solicitors KPG Solicitors who in turn hired Reliable Surveys to do the structural survey of the property. Reliable Surveys assigned the actual task of surveying to Miss Norris, a newly-licensed surveyor. The issue in this case is whether or not Mr. Bright is compensable for his loss in the event he sells his Devon property at its present market value. If he is, the subsequent underlying issue is from whom he shall recover and what kind of action shall he bring before the court. At this stage however, recovery is a purely hypothetical matter since Mr. Bright has not yet sold his property and hence, has not yet actually incurred a loss. After a careful perusal and analysis of the problem, taking into account the participation of each and every person and entity involved, the Reliable Surveys stands as the most viable party from whom a civil action for recovery of compensation under the case Hedley Byrne v. Heller will be most successful in the event of the actuality of such loss. In the case at bar, Miss Norris, the neophyte surveyor of Reliable Surveys is the raison d’etre of Mr. Bright’s present predicament. Her haphazard and lackadaisical examination of the Devon property caused her to miss the crack on the back wall of the aforesaid house and the evident defect in the elevation from the back angle as well as the dilapidating gutter. Neither did the management of Reliable Surveys subject Miss Norris’ findings to a review and the basis of her findings which described the property as â€Å"good and sound† in her report signed on behalf of the former. There is a characteristic negligence on the part of both Miss Norris and her employer in the performance of their obligation. It is only reasonable to consider filing

Cultural Context Essay Example for Free

Cultural Context Essay Even though construction is usually considered as originally the activity of men and machines in digging, moving, shaping, erecting, and so forth, the relative use of building materials by the construction industry far exceeds its share in the gross domestic product. Specifically is construction of great significance for that special class of materials sometimes called as the â€Å"physical-structure† materials, which made major things of human civilization. Out of these â€Å"physical-structure† materials the more or less long-lasting and reliably shaped are wood and concrete. They are basic building materials for thin-shell roof construction, walls, tanks, large-diameter pipes, runways, highway bridges and many other structures. Main Body Concrete is related to the most significant building technologies in twentieth and the early twenty first century. However, other important building materials, such as wood, also figure in the construction picture. The poured method of concrete building has been so improved that buildings of this material are now erected as rapidly as a wood structure. Engineering departments all over the world are now prepared to assist engineers, architects and builders to apply concrete and wood to their construction work. Increasingly in the beginning of the twentieth century, when builders were asked how they should build the foundation possessing good physical strength, their answer was concrete. Either by placing the steel frame upon concrete foundations or by placing it upon a more spacious concrete raft foundation, architectural constructors in most cases complement steel with concrete as a problem-solving building material. By reinforcing concrete with steel rods, or by using steel machinery to form concrete blocks as prefabricated building blocks, builders further diversified their architectural techniques. The most approved composition of concrete for general construction consists of a mixture of broken limestone, granite or clean screened mixture of rock fragments, clean coarse sand and cement, in such proportions that the voids between the stone are completely filled by the sand and the voids in the sand completely filled with cement, with a slight excess of cement to guarantee a perfect connection with the stone. To create top-quality concrete, manufacturers need equally high-grade cement. By 1900 approximately three-quarters of that material was Portland cement, named after the tiny island of Portland in the U. K. where a desirable limestone used in its manufacture was descovered. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, from Leeds, was the first to provide the world with Portland cement, but after 1872 the material was produced in the United States and its popularity spread rapidly (Collins, 1998). At the 1876 Philadelphia Exhibition, American Portland cement was displayed to the public as a useful and practical building material, but production only began in earnest in 1880 and domestic cement only began to overtake European imports in 1897, by which time American machinery for crushing aggregate and making concrete had also begun to substitute European machines, even in Europe itself (American Exporter, 1906, 58 (3), pp. 79-87). Wood structures can be constructed more quickly and inexpensively than other kinds. Wood still is used for finish flooring in the living areas of about four out of five homes, although plastic tiles and other materials are gaining ground. Flooring generally involves both the visible flooring and a subflooring. Most frame houses utilize boards for subflooring, but plywood is gaining ground. In buildings which use concrete beams, concrete flooring slabs are generally poured right along with the beams. Steel structures may be floored with poured concrete or with precast concrete or gypsum slabs. Roofs of houses, which have a timber framework and cladding, are likely to have as the foundation wooden board, plywood, or composition planking. However, the current general tendency in home building toward flat, or low-pitched, roofs has led to a partial shift from tile, wood, and asbestos tiles to concrete materials and poured concrete. Because of its important role in residential buildings, wood does only slightly less well than concrete. Although its relative cost has increased with time, it is still the most popular building material all over the world. The open-grained wood of any of numerous coniferous trees, such as pine and cedar, as distinguished from that of a dicotyledonous tree, enters the English home as framing, siding, shingles, finishing panels, sash, millwork, and boarding, used to cover the wall studding or roof joists of a timber frame; the wood of any of numerous broad-leaved dicotyledonous trees, such as oak, beech, ash, etc. principally as flooring, material used for making panels, and trim. In non-residential buildings, wood is put to practice as the most widely used building material for concrete formwork, railroad ties, telephone poles, railings, fences, and many other purposes (BLAIRSLTD). The chief advantages of wood in construction industry include its ease of production and of process by which wood is packaged and transported, its low thermal conductivity, and its strength-to-weight ratio (which is greater than that of cast iron and is identical to that of the stronger concretes) (Rowell 9). Yet, because of its peculiar weaknesses as an organic material, such as vulnerability to fungi and various insects, its relative lack of versatility in terms of design, and its long-term rise in price in comparison with concrete, the relative role of wood as a building material may to some degree decrease in the future, and further replacement may be projected. If considered as a structural material in large building construction, wood has already been largely replaced by concrete framing, brick or concrete walls, and concrete floors. This trend will probably continue in the future. On the other part, wood framing probably will retain its dominating position in the residential building, although giving way a bit to steel, concrete, perhaps aluminium, and sandwich panel method of building. The advantages of metal roof frameworks are gradually reducing the amount of wood required for roof structures. Moreover, for exterior trimming wood is being increasingly substituted by brick exterior and by panels of such building materials as asbestos, metal, and organic materials with a polymeric structure. Dry wall building and the utilisation of gypsum plasterboard and of metal lath are also considerably lessening the need for wood. The most important role for wood is probably in finished flooring, but there are modern trends toward replacement of composition and various types of synthetic materials even in living areas. Wood, like steel, is yielding to aluminum as the leading building material for window frames, door frames, doorways, trim, and other such purposes. In concrete building the formwork is tending change from wood to steel and plywood and also to plastics. Growing popularity of plywood and of laminated structural members may slow down the trend away from wood. Laminated wood arches, structural frameworks of wood, and roof systems have proved appropriate for spanning distances up to 120 feet, and, because of their attractive and pleasant appearance, are today in frequent use in the building of churches and temples, buildings for public gatherings or meetings, shopping areas, and the similar places. Plywood, which to some degree possesses more physical strength than lumber, may replace lumber in almost any of its uses; it is already extensively used in subflooring, boarding, interior panelling, concrete forms, and so forth. Thus, it may be expected to grow in total use at almost twice the rate predicted for lumber. Use of concrete in building is constantly increasing today. It is a changeable mixture of portland cement, fine aggregates (almost always sand), and coarse aggregates (crushed stone, gravel, cinder, slag, or whatever else is available within a particular area). The proportions of these ingredients are influenced by the particular use to which the concrete is to be intended, but they are at most times 1:2:4. As can be seen, cement is the minor component in this mixture. The fact that concrete is the most extensively used building material can be explained by its advantages related to wood among which are versatility, its high breaking strength relative to bricks and other kinds of masonry materials, the low price which makes it comparatively inexpensive material relative to structural steel, and in essence the presence of concrete components almost in all areas (Classic Encyclopaedia). The main uses of concrete in England are in dams, water tanks, pipes and sewers, heavy walls, piers, caissons, columns, and road and sidewalk pavements. In addition, concrete is utilised in the form of units cast in a particular form before being used in building, such as concrete blocks and cast stone, whose principal advantage over wood, brick, and structural tile is that they are costing relatively little. Because of the low flexural strength of concrete, it is combined with steel in most of its construction applications (Classic Encyclopaedia). This combination is made possible by the match of coefficients of thermal expansion of these materials. The amount of reinforcing steel rods, wire, wire-mesh, and so forth needed for a concrete structure is only one-third to one-half the amount needed for a similar completely steel structure. In England, the possibilities of this technique of construction are just beginning to extend its use beyond massive complex constructions. The chief disadvantages of reinforced concrete (also known as ferroconcrete or armoured concrete) in comparison with structural steel are the time and costs of construction, even if one takes account of the applying paints to the surface of steel members and their trimming. It is costly to build and remove forms, shores, and temporary metal or wooden frameworks. Most of the developments, which been made not long ago, in methods of concrete building are somehow related to reducing expense on forms, First, as an alternative to the traditional lumber and plywood, steel and more recently, plastic with fibrous matter to confer additional strength forms have been experimented. Plastics are especially showing great promise, in view of the fact that they are smooth and easily utilised, able to keep water, may be given extraordinary shapes, and may be use again and again from fifteen to twenty times. Second, â€Å"slip-form† pavers have been successfully employed in laying road pavements (Green 1-2). Third, precasting of concrete members has been used as a mass production technique and to provide solid and robust in construction, more unchanging in form concrete, but presents some transportation problems. Fourthly, so-called tilt-up construction and lift-slab construction has permitted walls, floors, and columns to be poured on a horizontal surface and then either tilted or lifted into place. Finally, able to be used more than once, adjustable length steel trusses have removed the need for the multiple strengthening which differently has to be placed under the conventional built-up forms. The faster such form-saving processes are improved and used by engineers and constructors, the faster steel concrete is likely to be used as a structural material. One more limitation of usual concrete is its low heat insulation value. That is why concrete walls are occasionally of a non-load bearing, sandwich type, being composed of a layer of insulating material cast between two concrete slabs. In this application, concrete is to a serious degree threatened by other types of curtain walls, including various types of sandwiches. Alternative way to give concrete protecting properties is to make it with relatively light weight aggregates – such as vermiculite, expanded clay, and so forth. In this form, it not any more has sufficient quality of being physically strong to be used for load bearing purposes, although it has been very well utilised in long-span roof building. Prestressed concrete has gotten great significance as a building material. The basic characteristic of prestressed concrete is that, by compressing concrete and keeping it under compression, the tensile stresses caused by loads are neutralized (CEMENT). The compression is accomplished by casting the concrete around stretched rods or cables, the tension on which is released as the concrete sets. A prestressed beam needs only one-fourth the weight of the steel and one-half the weight of concrete which is needed to support the same load by a usual reinforced concrete member. Although it was patented by a San Francisco engineer in 1886, prestressed concrete did not emerge as an accepted and effective building material until a half-century later. Since then it had been intensively used in Europe for structural purposes. Up to the present moment, prestressed concrete’s applications have been limited mostly to pipes, tanks, runways, and from time to time highway bridges. As engineers and constructors gain experience and manage to reduce the manufacturing expenses, prestressing may become competitive with steel and with reinforced concrete building. After weighing up all the factors, the trend is more toward a substitution of concrete for other building materials than of other building materials for concrete. The use of portland cement which is made by heating a slurry of clay and crushed chalk should more than double in the next decades, may presumably triple, and at its lowest is expected to become greater by at least one-third.

DBQ Andrew Jackson Essay Example for Free

DBQ Andrew Jackson Essay Andrew Jackson was a man of the people because he was once a part of the people. Before he was elected into office, he was a man who had lived a tough childhood but learned to manage and move forward to become a successful prosecutor and eventually a well known general. A man who has lived through a life filled with challenges knows what is best for his people and knows what they want. He wanted the people to be a part of the government. He wanted them to have a voice, which is why he believed in democracy but the way that he acted throughout his political career was not democratic at all. Andrew Jackson accomplished to changed many things in the government without the people’s vote. He had a part in the spoils system and he made decisions for groups of people that were completely unfair. Andrew Jackson was not a big fan of how the government was previously ranned. There was always something that he wanted to change. One of the things he changed were the rotation of the government officials in office. Of course he kept in mind that the people should be able to control all offices in congress so he proposed a constitutional amendment. He was changing the time period elected officials should remain in office. Not only did he change it for everyone else but he also wanted to changed it for himself. (Document D).

Effects of Family Changes in Society

Effects of Family Changes in Society Explain how new problems have emerged within your society as a result of changes in the functions of the family. In the UK and other Western countries during the last forty years there has been a widespread experience of changes in marriage, household, and family forms that would not have been thought possible prior to the Second World War (Giddens, 2001). People are less likely to marry than they used to and there is less of a tendency to marry at a young age. The women’s movement which began in the 1960s has, it is argued, led to a rise in the divorce rate and the number of single parent families. There has also been a growth in the rate of women who have children but have not married and in 1997 they made up 42% of all lone parent households (Social Trends, 2000). This paper will look at traditional notions of the family and then at some of the changes in the functions of the family and some of the social problems that have resulted from this Defining the traditional family The family might be generally defined as a group of people who are usually linked by kinship[1] and marriage, who live together, usually, but not necessarily made up of two parents and their children. This type of family is the norm for most people. Murdock (1949) has argued that common to all societies, is the nuclear family, described above (parents and children) or extended family (a wider family membership e.g. grandparents). 40% of all people in Britain in 1996 lived in nuclear families (Brown,1998). Parsons (1955) has argued that the traditional family serves two major purposes that are common to societies, the primary socialisation of children into the norms and values of society, and the stabilisation of adult personalities. For Parsons the institution of the family provided the mutual love and support needed by individuals in order for them to be fit enough to take their places in society (Giddens, 2001). This has been contested by feminists such as Abbott and Wallace (1997) who argue that family life is experienced by its members in different ways and family life has not been supportive of women because it is generally they who provide other members with support. Parson’s model of the family where one adult worked outside the home while the other remained to care for the family has been criticised by many scholars as overly idealistic and neglects the ethnic and class differences that occur within a capitalist society (Giddens, 2001). The capitalist system failed to take into account women’s work in the home Abbott and Wallace (1997) contend and this enabled men to go out to work because women were the hidden labour force. Goode (1972) argues that social systems such as the family, are powerful agents of control because to some extent their existence is founded on force. Within social systems such as the family this is often unrecognised. Goode argues it is, not visible because it is effective (1972:512). Giddens (2001) has further criticised Parsons’ view of the family for neglecting to recognise, and take into account the emergence of different family forms. Fewer people are now choosing to marry and those who do may choose not to have children. Gittens (1992) is of the opinion that in modern Britain: Ideals of family relationships have become enshrined in our legal, social, religious and economic systems which, in turn, reinforce the ideologyand penalise or ostracise those who transgress it (Gittens, 1992, p.74). In 1997 when Blair’s Government came to power the ideology of the family that had existed in Britain for almost a century was breaking down and unemployment was continuing to rise. Death, divorce, and the rise in the number of single parent families meant that the traditional ideal of the male breadwinner and the female carer/homemaker were becoming less common. Single Parent Families 40% of marriages in the UK end in divorce according to the Guardian newspaper 2000,p.3)and there are an increasing number of single parent families in the Western world. There are many different reasons why people become lone parents family structures may change either through the death of a partner, cohabitation or remarriage which leads to reconstituted families. Second marriages however tend to have a higher divorce rate than first time marriages. Some theorist suggest that couples would have lived together prior to getting married, but those who live together may be far more likely to split than married couples. Some of those cohabiting may also have had children and Government figures show that the vast majority of single parent households are headed by women. Because traditional notions of the family headed by a male breadwinner are still prevalent, Abbott and Wallace (1997) suggest that many single parents, who of necessity live off welfare benefits are seen both by those in p ower as a burden on the state. The concerns of the Welfare State were with the traditional, nuclear family where the man was the breadwinner and the woman cared for the home and children. It was not therefore, set up to deal with single parent households. In this way changing family structures result in an increase in other social problems, particularly poverty (Giddens, 2001). Families and Poverty The media and for some Government members refer increasingly to young single mothers as representative of lone parents. In contrast, Crowe and Hardy (1992) and others state that single parents are a varied group because there are a number of different routes to becoming a single parent These involves increased responsibility and many single parents who are without an extended family network are forced to rely on the state system just to get by. These households are very often among the poorest. Giddens (2001) maintains that English speaking countries have the highest number of single parents, and those who are working are among the lowest paid. These are parents who are attempting to be self-reliant and while family working tax credits may seem like a good idea many people have argued that they serve to encourage a dependency culture for people who might prefer to be independent. In 1991 31% of children lived in households with an income that was less than 50% of the national average (Giddens, 2001). The Social Fund was set up to help the poorest members of society to afford basic necessities such as bedding, shoes, and children’s clothes but this does not help those that most need it because it is the poorest who mostly do not get this funding(Cohen,1996). Single parents who want to join the work force rather than remain in receipt of benefits are often prevented from doing so because of the cost of childcare. The Government claim to support working families’ childcare arrangements does not make provision for older children during school holidays. Without the help of other family members, such moves to join the workforce become virtually impossible. In this way families become part of a growing number of those who are excluded from many of the things that most people take for granted. People who are financially poor are also liable to suffer fr om social exclusion in other areas. They may live in areas with the poorest housing, and have less access to decent schools and health services. Conclusion Clearly traditional family structures are no longer the norm in the UK. This leads to other social problems because the state system is not equipped to deal with either the increased burden on the benefits system or in making the employment and childcare systems more equitable. It might be argued that things are not going to return to the way they were and therefore Government needs to initiate policies that relate to the changed structure in UK society. 1250 words Bibliography Abbott, P. and Wallace, C. 1997. An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge. Chambez, C. 2001. â€Å"Lone-Parent Families in Europe: A Variety of Economic and Social Circumstances† Social Policy and Administration 2001, 35, 6, Dec, 658-671 Cohen, R. 1996 â€Å"The poverty trap† Community Care; 1 Aug 96, p.26-7 Crowe, G. and Hardey,M.1992. â€Å"Diversity and ambiguity among lone-parent households in modern Britain†. In Marsh, C. and Arber, S. (Eds.) 1992. Families and Households: Divisions and Change. London: Macmillan. Giddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Gittens, D. 1992 â€Å"What is the family? Is it Universal†. In Macdowell, L. and Pringle, R. (Eds.) 1992 Defining Women: social institutions and gender divisions. Cambridge:Polity. Guardian, 27th March, 2000 p.3 Parsons, T. and Bales, R. 1955. Family, Socialisation, and Interaction Process. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press Social Trends 30 2000. General Household Survey in Giddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press.p.181 Walby, S. 1986. Patriarchy at Work. Cambridge: Polity. 1 Footnotes [1] Kinship ties generally refer to descent and blood relatives, also to marriage (Giddens, 2001).

Aesthetics Essay -- Art

Aesthetics Kant defined aesthetic as both, â€Å"the analysis of taste and the analysis of sensible cognition or intuition† . Aesthesis, means â€Å"sensation†, the Greeks made a distinction between aesthesis autophues (natural sensation) and aesthesis epistemonike (acquired sensation). We may say that aesthetics is both the study of aesthetic objects and of the specific and subjective reactions of observers, readers, or audiences to the work of art. Aesthetics is necessarily interdisciplinary and may be interpretive, prescriptive, descriptive, or a combination of these. The big, obvious question about aesthetic value is whether it is ever ‘really in’ the objects it is attributed to. This issue parallels the realism/anti-realism debates elsewhere in philosophy. Though there is little reason to assume that aesthetic value will behave in just the say way as for example, moral value. An extreme realist would say that aesthetic values reside in an object as properties independent of any observer’s responses, and that if we make the judgment ‘That is a beautiful flower’, or ‘this painting is aesthetically good’, what we say is true or false – true if the flower or painting has the property, false if it does not. We will tend to like the object if we recognize the aesthetic value in it, but, for the realist, whether we recognize it and whether it is are two separate questions. Consequently, much work in aesthetics has gone into trying to specify the nature of aesthetic experience or aesthetic response. One factor is pleasure, satisfaction, or liking. The second is experience: the response we are looking for must be a way of attending to the object itself. In the case of music, it must be a response to perceived patterns of s... ...bility, however, so that a new question emerges: The music all by itself somehow seems to point to, or stand for emotions – how? Aesthetics has yet to come to terms with this issue. There is a similar pattern in the case of artistic representation. In the question of what a picture depicts, what role is played by the artist’s intentions, and what by the interpretations which an observer may conjure up? Or does the painting itself have a meaning by standing in symbolic relations to items in the world? If the latter, how similar, and how dissimilar are depiction and linguistic representation?. Once one starts to address problems at this level, the philosophy of art starts to concern the nature of philosophy as a whole. Work Cited Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Judgement. Trans. J. H. Bernard. Hafner Library of Classics. New York: Hafner Press-Macmillan, 1951.

ECON 4131, International Finance, Spring 2002, Exam 3 Final Essay examp

Final Exam Questions -- Economics 4131, Spring 2006 1. Explain how the gold standard operated in the classical period (1870-1914). What were the advantages and disadvantages? Some say the gold standard sacrificed internal balance to external balance. How? What were the â€Å"rules of the game† and what would happen when they were violated? What would happen when the demand for monetary gold rose faster than the supply, and why was this a problem? 2. Explain the functioning of the Bretton Woods currency arrangement. Why was it designed as it was? What strains appeared over time, and what factors led to its collapse? What was â€Å"Triffin’s dilemma†? 3. Use the national income accounting identity to explain the phenomenon of â€Å"twin deficits.† Explain how the surge in the U.S. fiscal deficit has spilled into a need for international finance. What are the current sources of this finance? Describe the dilemma facing the Asian central banks. Describe the â€Å"hard landing† scenario. What needs to be done to ensure a â€Å"soft landing†? 4. Explain step-by-step why and how a central bank might w...

Cult Conversion: Freewill Or Brainwashing? :: essays research papers fc

The controversy surrounding new religious movements seems to be foremost concerned with whether or not the members of these religions come of their own freewill or if they convert as a necessary and inevitable response to advanced coercion, or â€Å"brainwashing† techniques employed by the cult leaders. The concept of brainwashing came into popular existence in the 1950’s as the result of attempts to try and explain the behaviour of some American GI’s who defected to the Communists during the Korean War (19 Oct 1999). Many people, including some professionals, found brainwashing to be an acceptable explanation for the otherwise unexplainable behaviour. However, the brainwashing theory did nothing to explain why hundreds of other captured GI’s chose to remain true to their country even at the risk of being tortured. It could not accurately account for the behaviour of a select few GI’s when it did not offer any explanation for the behaviour of the majority. Since the 1950’s, the concept of brainwashing has faded in and out of public consciousness with a tendency to flare up again in the face of public controversy. In the 1960’s and 1970’s the brainwashing debate again took center stage, this time in an attempt to explain the behaviour of so-called radicals who left behind a â€Å"normal† life and opted instead for a â€Å"cult† existence. Although scholars of new religious movements would agree that religious groups often have substantial influence over their followers, they would also argue that the â€Å"influence exerted in "cults" is not very different from influence that is present in practically every arena of life,† (19 Oct 1999). Mainstream religions also exercise influence over their members concerning matters such as lifestyle choices, familial relations and monetary donations. Furthermore, most social scientists concede that some degree of influence is inevitable in each culture and facet of life even outside the arena of religious choice. Despite the fact that there do not appear to be any studies that conclusively provide evidence of brainwashing as a legitimate explanation for joining an NRM, and in spite of the many studies that have refuted that brainwashing defense successfully, the brainwashing theory continues to be debated regularly. The concept of brainwashing is still often relied on to account for behaviour that is otherwise culturally unjustifiable. If brainwashing is not an appropriate explanation for the conversion of people to NRM’s than what is? A common theme on the anti-cult side of the conversion debate is the argument that members are, to varying degrees, predisposed to becoming cult members.

History of Tourism Essay

Introduction Tourism is seen as one of the main industries in the world. â€Å"The World Travel and Tourism Council (2001) indicated that tourism creates more than ten percent of the global economic output and 1 in 10 jobs worldwide†. â€Å"Tourism starts with the wealthy, with images of prestigious visits to seaside resorts and spas, Grand Tours and the activities of business enterprisers such as Thomas Cook† (Towner, 1995). This paper describes the history and structure of the travel and tourism industry, the influence of local and national governments and international agencies, local and national economic policy, the effects of supply and demand on the travel and tourism industry and the positive and negative impacts of tourism. History Based on my perception, I would categorize the history of travel & tourism industry in three different time bands as follows: * Before 1945 * 1945-1979 * 1980 to current day Before 1945 In ancient times and approximately till the end of the 16th century people were living in agricultural communities was stationary, seldom moving from the local area and rural community. â€Å"Even with the beginning of the industrial revolution, which was making a slow start in the 18th century in urban and factory development, a richer ‘elite’ class alone enjoyed leisure and travel, while the workers worked in situ. Indeed as industrialization got under way leisure time or holidays where they existed tended to decrease† (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) Prior to the 1950s, tourism was an industry which was inconsistent; hotels, transport operators, tour operators, travel agents, all tended to work separately. Hotels were mainly in the business to sell bed nights. Railways and airlines were in the business to sell seats, Travel agents, were selling travel and holidays however in each case they tended to work very much independently. Up until 1946, i.e. the period between the world wars, much of international travel  was for the privileged, wealthy and elite groups in society. â€Å"Thomas Cook introduced the first package tour in 1841, but in fact by that time the railways (The first passenger railway (Liverpool and Manchester) opened in 1830) themselves were offering excursion trips, for a traffic which they had not originally expected to carry. The first objective had been carriage of freight, and secondly the provision of faster transport for the current stagecoach travelers at far from cheap prices. The popularity of cheap excursion fares for special events was not expected† (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) 1945-1979 If we look at the year 1945 as the year in which the development of the main growth in the tourism industry started, we can construct some general explanation concerning to the changes which one can differentiate in the tourism industry. From the mid-1950s onwards, mainly in the UK, the development of tour operators started changing the character of the industry from individual business activities to more integrated activities. â€Å"Hotels, for example, were beginning to see customers as wanting a range of services rather than simply buying accommodation. So hotels began to develop shopping arcades and later to offer secretarial centers in order to increase the spend of guests within the hotel complex. Transport operators, particularly in the airline business, saw the sale of transport services as being integral to a much wider need. Airlines offered insurance and accommodation booking for travelers† (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) From 1950 onwards a combination of factors, such as increase in free time availability, increase in paid holidays, improvement of package tours, and growth in air transport – all combined to offer a wider possible holiday-taking market. This market was different regarding socioeconomic groups from the pre-1950 era. 1980 to current day By the 1980s several airlines were offering full travel services such as arrangements for holidays, medical services, hiring car, etc. By 1990 the formation of the tourism industry, especially in the United Kingdom and  Europe, was effected by the development of a number of very big companies. â€Å"In the USA, American anti-trust laws discouraged, if not prohibited, the development of large integrated companies†. The experience of American in operational tour has been very different from Europe, mainly compared with the United Kingdom (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). Air travel improved even more rapidly. Nevertheless, this is only piece of the story, as nonscheduled traffic (charter services) increased considerably as well. â€Å"Making up an estimated 18 per cent of total movement by the 1980s and 50 per cent or more on European routes, where the charter traffic took over the greater part of the holiday movement, as tour operators developed their own services† (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) Future The tourism business is likely to make important help to global economic development in the twenty first century. The cultural trade and understanding that is brought about through tourism is causing a more peaceful and internationalized universal society. Besides contributing to the expansion and renovation of local economies and communities, tourism development is playing an important role in both enhancing education and improving the position of the tourism business aimed at nurturing the next generation of those ready to take on the tourism business. The Structure of Travel & Tourism Industry This is the Leiper’s model: There are 5 key elements of a tourism system 1. Departing Travelers 2. Traveler Generating Region 3. Transit Route Region 4. Tourist Destination Region 5. Returning Travelers The first is the tourist (the human component), the next 3 components are geographical and organizational and relate to transport, tourist activities and the tourism industry which offers services, goods and facilities for tourists. The last is self explanatory. And the environment: Economic, Technological, Physical, Political, Socio-cultural, legal, etc. There are  some contemporary influences: 1. Changing actions and motivations of markets 2. Changing patterns of tourist flows 3. Require for planned tourism expansion 4. Force for sustainable tourism expansion 5. Concern for social, cultural and economic impacts of tourism The influence of local and national governments and international agencies The position of government is an essential and multipart side of travel and tourism industry, involving policies. State involvement in the trade is a fairly recent practice for central government. In general the state recognizes that the duties of the public sector must cover such matters as health, safety, fair trading and consumer interests and infrastructure in transport such as roads, railways and ports. These are all matters of direct concern to the resident population. There is a mixed record in the provision of leisure facilities, environmental protection and conservation which includes responsibility for the unique cultural heritage, an important part of Europe’s visitor attractions (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). The state tourism agency, tourist board or government department will have an important role to play in advising on the strategy, offering opportunities to consult and cooperate with a dispersed private sector, and preparing a destination marketing strategy based on an identification of the appropriate markets and their needs and wishes (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). Based on periodic surveys of the government role by the WTO, the OECD and individual countries, the principal functions of a Ministry of Tourism or of agencies under government control can be summarized as: 1. Research, statistics and planning. 2. Marketing. 3. Development of tourism resources. 4. Regulation, including trade regulation. 5. Training and education. 6. Facilitation/liberalization. Local governments At the local level the regional or local authority has a role similar to that of the central government and in many ways a more comprehensive and important one. Indeed, in the early days of mass travel stimulated by the growth of the railway network, public sector intervention in tourism was solely at the local level. There were no national tourism organizations. The growth of large resorts, pioneered in Britain at the main seaside canters, encouraged the development of local tourism administrations to carry out the responsibilities of the host destination (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). International organizations There are a number of international bodies, both governmental and nongovernmental, with tourism interests. Government bodies reflect the national government’s interest in, and political will regarding, tourism intervention. In the industrialized countries, the tourism priority tends to be low. Because of the wide range of tourism activity the number of organizations with some concern or responsibility is great, but coordination and often cooperation as at the national level is weak. Furthermore, consultation with industry and operating sectors is often inadequate, as the sector’s voice is weak. The main sector industry bodies inevitably present the case of their own trade, sometimes as in modes of transport in a competitive situation. Thus the collective tourism approach is hard to organize and sustain, even when cooperation at the operating level is effective (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). United Nations World Tourism Organization The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO/OMT) is a specialized agency of the United ?Nations and the leading international organization in the field of tourism. It serves as a ?global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how (UNWTO 2007:1).? The World Tourism Organization plays a role in promoting the development of responsible, ?sustainable and universally accessible tourism, paying particular attention to the ?interests of developing countries?. The Organization encourages the implementation ?of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, with a view to ensuring that member ?countries, tourist destinations and businesses  maximize the positive economic, ?social and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while minimizing its ?negative social and environmental impacts (www.wikipedia.org). The WTO has made efforts recently to strengthen its links with commercial and non-government partners through its system of affiliate membership which should help in the provision of practical guidance and as a basis for cooperative action (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). Impact of political change on the travel and tourism industry Tourism growth in many countries has not been this high, in particular those countries were faced with a range of political unstableness that have made happen to hold back development in tourism. The political aspects of tourism are interwoven with its economic consequencestourism is not only a â€Å"continuation of politics† but an integral part of the world’s political economy. In short, tourism is, or can be, a tool used not only for economic but for political means† (Edgell, 1990). IRAN Tourism in Iran before the accession of the theocracy was characterized by a significant numbers of visitors traveling to Iran for its diverse attractions, boasting cultural splendors and a diverse and beautiful landscape suitable for a range of activities. Tourism declined dramatically during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s but has subsequently revived. Since the Iranian revolution in 1979, the majority of visitors to Iran have been religious pilgrims and businesspeople. Official figures do not distinguish between those traveling to Iran for business and those coming for pleasure, and they also include a large number of Diaspora Iranians returning to visit their families in Iran or making pilgrimages to holy Shia sites near Mashhad and elsewhere. Despite the international tensions, the government continues to project strong rises in visitor numbers and tourism revenue over the forecast period, and to talk of projects to build an additional 100 hotels, for example, to expand its currently limited stock. In the early 2000s the industry still faced serious limitations in infrastructure, communications, regulatory norms, and personnel training. In  late 2003 there were about 640 hotels in Iran and around 63,000 beds. Officials state that Iran has in recent years earned about US$1bn a year from tourism. Iran currently ranks 68th in tourism revenues worldwide. Iran with attractive natural and historical sites is rated among the 10 most touristic countries in the world. Close to 1.8% of national employment is generated in the tourism sector which is slated to increase to 10% in the next five years. Weak advertising, unstable regional conditions, a poor public image in some parts of the world, and absence of efficient planning schemes in the tourism sector have all hindered the growth of (www.wikipedia.org). CHINA After Mao’s death, one of the most senior officials who had advocated private plots in the early 1960s, Deng Xiaoping, initiated gradual market reforms that abolished the communes and collectivized industries of Mao, replacing them with the free-market system. Deng’s reforms vastly improved the standard of living of the Chinese people, the competitiveness of the Chinese economy, and caused China to become one of the fastest growing and most important economies in the world. It also led to one of the most rapid industrializations in world history. For this achievement he is sometimes known as â€Å"The Venerated Deng†. As a result of Deng’s reforms, China is widely regarded as a returning superpower. Tourism in China has greatly expanded over the last few decades. The emergence of a newly rich middle class and an easing of restrictions on movement by the Chinese authorities are both fueling this travel boom. China has become one of the world’s most-w atched and hottest outbound tourist markets. The world is on the cusp of a sustained Chinese outbound tourism boom. China is the world’s fourth largest country for inbound tourism. The number of overseas tourists was 55 million in 2007. Foreign exchange income was 41.9 billion U.S. dollars, the world’s fifth largest in 2007. The number of domestic tourists totaled 1.61 billion, with a total income of 777.1 billion yuan. According to the WTO, in 2020, China will become the largest tourist country and the fourth largest for overseas travel. In terms of total outbound travel spending, China is currently ranked fifth and is expected to be the fastest growing in the world from 2006 to 2015, jumping into the number two slot for total travel  spending by 2015 (www.wikipedia.org). The effects of supply and demand on the travel and tourism industry Most studies modeling the demand for tourism have either used visitor arrivals or tourism earnings as a dependent variable (Narayan, 2002). Tourism demand is base on which all tourism related business decisions eventually rest. Companies and governments as a point incase, tour operators, hotels, airlines, and leisure facility providers are interested in the demand for their products by tourists. The accomplishment of many businesses depends completely on the status of tourism demand, and final management collapse is pretty often because of the collapse to meet market demand. Influencing Factors As we all experience the change around us the questions arises how these developments will have an impact on tourism demand. To name just a few categories: * Economy (e.g. from BIP over exchange rates to perceived risk of loosing the job) * Politics (e.g. the enlargement of the EU, taxation, environment) * Crisis and threats (e.g. terrorism, epidemic diseases, earth quakes) * Demographic Change (e.g. age structure, migration, educational level) * Technology (e.g. transport, communication, information) In addition we have to take into account the influences coming from general changes in consumer attitudes and, finally, the tourism industry itself, of course influencing the demand side of tourism (e.g. standardization of products, information channels, (over) capacities and price strategies). All these factors are linked to each other (Lohmann 2004). How can these factors have an impact? Holiday demand is driven by needs, motives, and expectations, its realization depends on the individual economic situation and the freedom to travel. Thus: * External factors may have an impact on tourism demand by affecting the ability to travel (freedom, time, money, fitness) and the motivation to do so. * Consumer Behavior is not a reaction on a single factor but on the whole set of influencing external factors. In addition it is driven by internal factors (e.g. motives, abilities etc.). Thus, the impact of a  change in a single external factor is limited Most of the external factors seem to be in favor for a sound development of tourism demand in Europe in the years to come. However, there are no signs for a general boom (Lohmann 2004). Supply While many tourism studies are focused on the demand side of tourism that is, the tourist, the supply side of the industry is often overlooked. Supply is seen as being modeled by five independent components: attractions, transportation, services, information and promotion. Most important component is the tourism attraction (Gunn, C. A. 1997). The supply of recreation and tourism is a complex combination of natural amenities, recreational sites, access, and private sector business activity which is influenced by an array of factors that act to provide opportunities that satisfy leisure-based travel demands. Measures of recreational site density that account for both physical/geographic size and population, or social capacity are used as key explanatory variables in models of tourism dependence (Marcouiller, Prey, 2004). The Positive and Negative Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism The range impacts of Tourism include economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. Impacts could be negative and positive, but should never be undervalued. The conception of sustainability is factored into these tourism impacts, when the size of the impacts turns out to be large enough to intensely change socio-cultural, environmental and economic areas of a tourist destination. Socially tourism has a great influence on the host societies. Tourism can be both a source of international amity, peace and understanding and a destroyer and corrupter of indigenous cultures, a source of ecological destruction, an assault of people’s privacy, dignity, and authenticity. Here are possible positive effects of tourism: * Developing positive attitudes towards each other * Learning about each other’s culture and customs * Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes * Developing friendships * Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for each other’s culture * Increasing self-esteem of hosts and tourists * Psychological satisfaction with interaction So, social contacts between tourists and local people may result in mutual appreciation, understanding, tolerance, awareness, learning, family bonding respect, and liking. Residents are educated about the outside world without leaving their homes, while their visitors significantly learn about a distinctive culture. Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism to the improvement of the social infrastructure like schools, libraries, health care institutions, internet cafes, and so on. Besides, if local culture is the base for attracting tourists to the region, it helps to preserve the local traditions and handicrafts which maybe were on the link of the extinction. For example in Uzbekistan, particularly in such famous regions as Samarqand, Buhara, and Horezm tourists contribute significantly to the preservation of traditional handcrafting wood carving, hammered copper work, handmade silk and carpets, and of course to preservation and maintenance of architectural and historical monuments. Since Uzbekistan proclaimed its independence in 1991 many museums and monuments were renovated or opened to promote the national culture and traditions. Growing interest in this culture makes the local people proud of their way of life. On the other side tourism can increase tension, hostility, and suspicion. Claims of tourism as a vital force for peace are exaggerated. Indeed there is little evidence that tourism is drawing the world together (Robinson 1999). In this context economic and social impacts on the local community depend on how much of the incomes generated by tourists go to the host communities. In most all-inclusive package tours more than 80% of travelers’ fees go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies, not to local businessmen and workers. On the other hand large hotel chain restaurants often import food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ local staff for senior management positions, preventing local farmers and workers from reaping the benefit of their presence. Tourism has the power to affect cultural change. Successful development of a resource can lead to numerous negative impacts. Among these are overdevelopment, assimilation, conflict, and artificial  reconstruction. While presenting a culture to tourists may help preserve the culture, it can also dilute or even destroy it. The point is to promote tourism in the region so that it would both give incomes and create respect for the local tradition and culture. There are also both negative and positive impacts of tourism on the local ecology. Tourism often grows into mass-tourism. It leads to the over consumption, pollution, and lack of resources. However, from the ecological point of view tourism is often more acceptable and preferable than any other industrial production, as it is environmentally friendlier (Batir Mirbabayev, Malika Shagazatova, 2007). Conclusion Tourism is widely believed to be the most rapidly growing industry in both developing and developed countries, consider tourism as one means for creating new jobs and reducing unemployment in different regions (Balali, 2009). The history of tourism is one of lumpy expansion, periods of massive growth interrupted by periods of recessions and stagnation (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). International travel and tourism is the backbone of globalization and enriches the world in many ways: It promotes economic growth, increases trade, advances development, and creates higher disposable incomes. It also strengthens communities, and, by bringing together people from diverse regions and backgrounds, advances the goals of peace and global understanding. These benefits hold true for developing, emerging, and industrialized countries, and they provide a major platform on which other industries can build (Gross, 2007).

Management – Swot Analysis (on Maker Studios of Youtube)

The Assignment (Question) markfulness paradigm today is solely close to the contingency or situational approach establish on the ever changing ancestry environment. Organizations atomic number 18 unalterablely moved(p) by the external environment and must adapt or influence the environment in order to be efficient and effective. cull any international or carouselical anaesthetic MNC or SME. Make a trick up analysis of this organization and explain how it is affected by the external environment. Write on how this organization can utilize the 4 functions of management in order for it to be efficient and effective. Include conclusion and recommendations.You must use price found in spite of appearance the study of management and argon further to look up various textbooks and journals to adventure these terms and to gain additional familiarity on management by dint of exploration. submission of the association If you were to be familiar with the functions of Youtub e and take a crap been surfing the site for quite a while, you expertness impart heard of the connection named master Studios quite a bit. This confederation consists of major Youtube celebrities like ShayCarl, LisaNova, KassemG, iJustine and sluice the top subscribed Youtube surfeit reconciler, RayWilliamJohnson.To the listening who uses Youtube for early(a) functions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as how-to goggle boxs or medicament tellys of their favourite stars, they business leader wonder, what does this lodge rattling do? On the fountain(a) hand, to heap who render sh avouch often interest into cleansing mainstream video recording programmes with net by dint of Youtube would meet the major functions of churchman Studios. producer Studios specific al unitaryy is talented in creating videos of the two widely accepted literary genres Comedy and Music. They nominate put big bucks sets, music studios, green screen areas and withal an editing offi ce for their employees in Venice, calcium and the coming(prenominal) saucily York City branch.As quoted from their website, it was menti championd that they beget 70 million subscribers and 650 million periodical views across more than 400 convey (Cited http//www. makerstudios. com/ salubrious-nigh/ ) and olibanum is one of the Youtube pardner Channels in the Internet Media line of merchandise in the States aside Vevo, the top confederation ship with more than 59, 709 thousand unequal conduct views in the year 2011 after generating oer 844 million videos in the site itself agree to Will Richmond on the twenty-second of August 2011 on videonuze. com. (Cited http//videonuze. com/ word/comscore-vevo-is-top-youtube- deviatener- road-by-far) drudgery outline of the play along Analysis energy The strengths of Maker Studios is such that they gather all the talents byout the network media and sponsor them make their videos and find sponsorships and viewership for thei r creations thus holding people to do their dreams yet not having to worry rough making a living. As quoted from one of their investments portfolio in greycroftpartners. om, the companionship has developed erratic insights into what kind of gist reports trump with YouTube audiences and how to cross-promote and move audiences around its net (cited http//www. greycroftpartners. com/2011/04/maker-studios/), it thus supported the efficiency in sensing up with the always shifting trends of the internet and intelligence in hiring talents into the party in its complicated backup concern heavens which attempts to work out deep connection with audiences all oer the globe. Cited http//www. hollywoodreporter. com/lists/maker-studios-280389) Weakness An evident weakness of the companion is such that they lose limited branches (Venice and upcoming New York) reaching out to the marrow creators online thus only(prenominal) fitting to work with people in certa in areas of the States. parvenue(prenominal) is that in that location might be a blue curtain raising of the competitors of this internet strain catching up on the innovations that the company could lead been roducing as there arent vent to be any drastic schedule changes this is roughly puffing on existing success, as quoted from former(prenominal) Disneys Digital parts Executive now of import Programming reachicer of Maker, Chris Williams on variety. com. (Cited http//www. variety. com/ term/VR1118052288) Opportunities The internet familiarity is getting big day by day and having Hollywood catching their eye on the intentnesss productions once in a while is besides creating more viewership for the audiences all everywhere the world.For char kneader, there are artistes looking for for help from the Maker productions for causes which they hope to help and thus film videos like Jane lynch (popular from Glee series) and Steven Tyler in ShayCarls video in attempt to Save The humanistic discipline (cited http//www. youtube. com/ look upon? v=IKzUZ7KvAnI=UU77WzpPRrYr0W5oeFjVIqwQ=1=plcp) or even be on the intelligence activity like ShayCarls 4th child, closely commonly shrieked Rocktard, who showed faced in a video did (cited http//www. outube. com/ visit? v=AyXsZJwzIrQ ), are opportunities to expansion of the companys network in creating bonds with the internet partnership by dint of bonding in use of comments or video responses or even only joining the companys forces in using their talents thus creating opportunities not only for themselves but the companys in developing variousiated sate through new-fangled, personalised and innovated ideas that some(prenominal)times the television set isnt cap sufficient in providing for the audiences expectations. Threats Threats of the company consists of opposite major competitors such as VEVO (which generates content from famous celebrities or musicians) and promotes them on Youtube through main pages or dominated the rights towards use of levelheadeds and work of the contents such as music or even portions of the film.As well, the media is currently keep mum competing with the traditional media such as television and even though they are in all probability even ahead of them in the sport sector but is beaten down (by people who did not know of the facts and gravel cyber bullying the Youtubers content) due to mere fame and identification of the society like LisaNovas imitation of Sarah Palin. It was mentioned on nytimes. om that She uploaded her Palin video more than a week beforeTina Feydid her characterization on Saturday Night Live. And that her response towards which was that trying to get on TV would be going backwards in my mind. Its a waste of time. (Cited http//www. nytimes. com/2011/04/11/business/media/11youtube. html? age lossed=all) A Macro-Environmental Analysis o constabulary and Politics L aw and politics with the Maker Studios is not part of any problem that the company could be facing now as the company started up in two hundred6, they personalize their services to the creators and aid them through their specific pelf after creation. As well, they hire to arouse their content (music, digital, filming and etc) in videos indeed not entitled to copyright righteousness bridging. o Economy On allthingsd. om it was verbalise that, transparency towards their earnings is through and able to be checked by their partners so they would be reliable to the investments of the money in their company as well as being honest to their employees in the functions and benefit of the organization. (Cited http//allthingsd. com/20120309/exactly-how-much-did-that-skateboarding-dog-earn/) As this is an internet business, the company lead be affected if the economy fails in terms of people being able to enjoy their productions or not thus earning them money.However, with this curren t upscale of the internet committee, the company is in safe hands through the advancement era. o engineering science Technology is crucial to the business. As it is one of the factors to which whether or not the audiences tune in because of the graphics, the role of sound and the editing of the videos to the stunts in a film, the professionalism of sets, Makers standard of productions as mentioned by nytimes. om was that the green screen, film crew, actors and valuable cameras and lights, it went far beyond the typical single YouTube videos filmed in a wine cellar with a webcam hence, once again, supporting their constant follow-up with technology to suit the call for of their mass of talents who are eager to satisfy their audience with great standards of film. (Cited http//www. nytimes. com/2011/04/11/business/media/11youtube. html? pagewanted=all ) o DemographicsAs the internet is more than common amongst people of near all ages, Youtube contains a very much a wide amount of audience to capture and Maker managed to curb these differences with its collected talents and their abilities to pursue different crowds. For example, they charter The mummys View by mothers with different talents and background, catering and supporting to the vast amounts of parents in the internet community they also have Polipop, featuring Entertainment and Politics Network which is intend to bankrupt people who are kindle a good laugh at the political factors without having to move away from their computers. Cited http//www. tubefilter. com/2011/10/29/maker-studios-youtube-original-channels/) o Social Issues and the indispensable Environment The internet community is a fast-paced and ever-changing environment for the business to survive in as there are constant evolvement of trends, updates or even jokes appealing to the vast society is one of the constant issues that the business should be updated about. unless as the talents in the company increases from the 200 ini tial partners in August 2011 (cited http//www. variety. com/article/VR1118040686? efCatId=1009), they get more and more efficient in finding out and dispersing their study as well as being an influence in creating trends for people to follow. An example could be the Super Note contest in 2008 (cited http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=v6kaSqGjbk8 ) where several(prenominal) Youtube personalities such as iJustine, Smosh, Rhett as well as ShayCarl and many other Youtubers hosted, further their viewers to post video responses featuring the long-lived note that they could make (in terms of time) and hence creating a bond and an interest into reflexion updates of the challenge constantly.As for their efforts in reminding the audiences in rescue the environment, Maker Studios also took part in the Ecomagination Challenge Tag Your Green hosted by GE and they readyd videos of their forte in efforts of it. For example, DaveDays, as a musician, wrote a song in reminder of people to Turn strike The Lights (cited http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=xzBV2ZvQfQw ) and ShayCarl brought his children out for a hike while talking to them about recycling and also taught them about the environment (cited http//www. youtube. com/watch? =dAiCGkRoowo=fvst ) thus showing the viewers that they, too, show an example in doing good for the environment. The Competitive Environment Analysis of the company o Rival Firms Rival firms such as VEVO, Machinima. com, blip, Revision3 Internet Television could give threat to the company in terms of their partnership with Youtube and their stand and sponsor to events such as VidCon, DigiTour but the transparency of Makers finance gives it a high agonistical advantage to win all all all over more talents and variety to channels sooner of mere technology and games for which other companies wins at. New Entrants New entrants might find it delicate to sustain without funding in this sector of business as the expectations of viewers are constant ly increasing and thus they might, in the end, need help from major firms such as Maker to help them lay down films for their channels or get bought over in view of profits. o Customers Maker, as a company which helps one-man video producers find a police squad to phase up his channel, does not call their clients partners and instead, call them partners.So as they proceed on with their moving-image business, the channel owners have full power over their videos and Maker only act as a service provider as well as an opportunity searcher for the Youtuber himself. The bargaining power for customers only lies in the percentage of the money which they receive from the advertisements that Maker could get in return and it was also mentioned in the terms and conditions of the Makers contract that this factor would be individualised as according to the client himself. o Substitutes and ComplimentsSubstitutes of Maker would be as binding as the fact that MySpace managed to take over Xang a and Facebook over MySpace. Therefore, it still contains a possibility where Youtube could be substituted by upcoming new video hosting websites online that might turn into a hit overnight like Facebook. On the other hand, like how a replenishing act could aid the sales of the original product, the indirect request of Maker is definitely its networking in the Youtube community as they introduce each other on their videos and hence creating the acknowledgement of each other through their channels.Like for example how LisaNova introduced KassemG on her channel by impersonating his comedy and big(a) people a pre-show towards how Kassems humour will be like on his channels and directing people to watch his videos. (Cited http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=bKJ3bVR8Jxg) o Suppliers The suppliers to produce such films on a free-and-easy basis at such openhanded quantities is the talents for which the company hires and other than the Disneys former Executive of the Digital Division, Chri s Williams, it is also proved true that they have hired Courtney Holt, the former president of MySpace Music as their murmur on hollywoodreporter. com. (Cited http//www. ollywoodreporter. com/news/courtney-holt-myspace-music-president-255341) This thus proved their high recognition and high expectations in their talents to hire hence providing professional content for the online viewers. In comparison through application, to what goal planning, organizing, leading and controlling can be applied to the company In relation to application of the management of the company, the company would have to define resolved and strictly accomplishing goals to give in terms of the number of views, droll viewership count, the creation of new content as well as the amount of videos to be produced in a business year.However, it might be difficult to manage with the on-going trends like Hunger Games, Justin Biebers new album or even some new celeb-gossip going around in the world of entertain ment. Therefore, constant monitoring of turn over is needed and more than frequent modify about movement of internet community is important for the growth of the company to expand on their current business in terms of coverage and audiences capturing.As well, it is important to have organized teams or crews on a specific project or channel dedicated to the advancements which is their current system now. With her consultation on tubefilter. com, Makers founder, Lisa Donovan mentioned that the role model of Maker is comparable to the company coupled Artists back in 1919, first led by Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and many other artists where it is the first talent-led studio (cited http//www. tubefilter. com/2011/04/21/maker-studios/).For example, the fixed team whose professionalism is in that particular genre of film, would be sent to RayWilliamJohnsons Equals trey and Your Favourite Martian would have each a music team, digital team as well as a team which, at the set, help s him with the humor content for which is going to be in his film. With such a unique form of business, the company requires a tall organization which has specify span of control over the employees and carriage rate as they would work in small teams in order to be efficient and effective in news and production.It would also thus have to be decentralized, where the employees are able to freely vestige creative ideas just like in Google, the unformalized manner of generating imaginative content. This would thus render the company to be able to constantly be attentive to minute matters which might affect the companys originality competitive advantage as compared to the rival firms. everyday Conclusions Maker is one of the very few companies around the globe, for which looks at talents in a manner that some companies would not be able to cherish.Even in one of their interviews, they mentioned to even have a criteria for joining in their firm When I am conflict talent, the first thing I want to know is, how committed are they to it? give tongue to Lisa Donovan to Daniel Miller of hollywoodreporter. com. (Cited http//www. hollywoodreporter. com/lists/maker-studios-280389) Therefore, their accomplishments not only as a firm, but as a big family with similar goals (not only because their own family is associated in the videos) just as ShayCarl have mentioned in one of his videos, is what they have construct up and grown together over the years along with the Youtube creators fame.Recommendations for the company in the next 5 years As much as the company has accomplished throughout the years, not only expanding on their own success, they have also managed to raise funds with investments as well as convert television celebrities into internet sensations just like Bobby downwind of MADtv having his own channel and being to do crazy things like he would in his previous shows as well as entertain people without having to worry about the technicalities. (Cited h ttp//www. tubefilter. om/2012/01/30/bobby-lee-maker-studios-the-station/ ) Therefore, in hopes that the new SONY internet-television could allow people to be in touch with their desired genre of film, Maker should create even higher viewership through making internet-original movies with their professionalism and make the bonding with audiences into even check sensations through movies and interactive comments thus improve themselves thus far. Reference List Bladwin, D. , October 29th, 2012, Maker Studios Scores Three Channel galvanic pile with Youtube Originals, http//www. tubefilter. com/2011/10/29/maker-studios-youtube-original-channels/ Bladwin, D. , January 30th, 2012, Maker Studios Reboots The send off With Bobby Lee, http//www. tubefilter. com/2012/01/30/bobby-lee-maker-studios-the-station/ DaveDays, October 31st, 2010, Dave Days Turn Off The Lights (Music Video), http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=xzBV2ZvQfQw Grey Croft Partners Investors Portfolio, April 15th, 2012, M aker Studios, http//www. greycroftpartners. com/2011/04/maker-studios/ Hustvedt, M. , April 21st, 2011, Maker Studios Raises $1. 5M For Creator-Founded YouTube Studio, http//www. tubefilter. com/2011/04/21/maker-studios/ Kafka, P. butt on 9th, 2012, Exactly How Much Did That Skateboarding clink Earn? , http//allthingsd. com/20120309/exactly-how-much-did-that-skateboarding-dog-earn/ Lamp4137s Youtube Channel, June 30th, 2011, Rocktard On several(prenominal) Weird Local News Thing, http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=AyXsZJwzIrQ (Original Shaytards) Excited Baby http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=JrKT4eYHwiM LisaNova, November 17th, 2010, Tripping Bros (LisaNova does KassemG UNCUT), http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=bKJ3bVR8Jxg Maker Studios (About Maker), April 15th, 2012, http//www. makerstudios. com/about/