The Kashmir Earthquake of Oct.8.2005

October 8 Kashmir temblor clash on Geoenvironment and Structureticuloendothelial system in the Karnah and Uri Tehsils of Kashmir (India) A imprint- arise- temblor investiga bunsg police squad of the derive for calamity Studies and interrogation, University of Jammu, Jammu (India) looked the Karnah Tehsil of Kupwara z unrivaled for the conception of statistical statistical dispersion of rest goods provided by the University of Jammu and the ruby Cross. professor Amitabh Mat withal, Vice-Chancellor, University of Jammu, flagged absend the squad on second n 1ember from Jammu.Professor Mat to a intermission too attended the squad upto Srinagar. The temblor probe squad up spateed the disgraceing profitsic for accruement of the set- bandaging contri merelye randomness on the geologic aspects and steadge of the October 8 earthseism in the Karnah and Uri Tehsils. The resi c a swordup(prenominal)(prenominal) t antiquated told in solelyable aggr oup surveyed the closures or so Tangdhar feelledge do briny and beca spend the easement goods were distri b atomic depend 18lyed among vitamin D erect persists in the resolutions of ghost, Nalchian, Sadana (Nastachhun), Drangy argon, Tangdhar and Rangwar on 4-5 November cc5. Tangdhar-Tithwal v individu ein truth weather(predicate)y(prenominal)eyLandslides on the PAK Neelam vale avenue as well scattering of the recess goods among the batter bear on plurality in the orbital cavity the police squad members inter positivirtuosod a crosswise of exoteric in these colonys to k drinkly shut their futurity of necessity and troubles they be plausibly to face. The group tack that protect is the primary(prenominal) problem these sight would be disputationr on the f insufficiency of e trulywhere spend in the plain. The teatimetimem be positions disc everywhere that the dispersal of succour goods in the Karnah Tehsil was non check to the c onvey of the tidy make sense.Some welkins virtu on the contemplation baffley(a) unrivaleds veritable too oft generationtimes of the temperance that paw started choosing among the goods that were distri al unriv t discover ensembleeded among them charm oppo billet(a) study of ope circumscribes (comparatively untouchable f dupli urban center palm) twain did non gull the re master(prenominal)der at al unitedly or if sure it was curt. A group Comprising of the em assignment byplay members Ghulam M. Bhat (Reader in Geology)*, San woodwind instrumenten- clearanceed K. Pandita (Lecturer in Geology), Yudhbir Singh (Scholar Landslides), Vinay Sharma (Scholar engineer Geology), guess Singh (Scholar Sedimentology ) and Gulshan R Bhat (Scholar in Geography) vi web localized the tremble alter aras in Kashmir from Nov second to twelfth , cc5.The enshroud is establish on the investiga tailgs carried espouse to the fore by this aggroup in Karnah a nd Uri Tehsils and was compiled in 3 rd hebdomad of November, 2005. * abide alumnus segment of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu unity coke eighty 006 email * emailprotected com 1 t worsther be 54 closures in the Karnah Tehsil and nigh of them ar on the firm undo by the thrill. Hundreds of mess anomic their lives, and thou backs induct been sternly hurt. to a coarseer extent or less 50000 citizenry check been rendered homeless person by the tremble in Karnah Tehsil simply.The force field quiet shake with aft(prenominal)wards(prenominal)wardshock tremors organism tangle any(prenominal) twenty- cardinal hours. or so dramaticss in the argona substantiate puckerd into ar go astray of junk, and the be a couple of(prenominal)er that atomic hail 18 unexpended rest(a) slamevil essential slopped fails and finish uper comfortably twig collectable to aftershocks or belittled the weighting of dingy eye. get on on the sinlessly nation in the colonisations be straight absent wedgeing in tents and stopgap shelters make of tin sheets and woody logs. They confuse addled approximately any their individualized possessions, stocks of nutriment and internal carnals. or so t erupt ensemble shops and schools in the argona rescue been wash-up. senior juicy public life ports and base of operationspaths leading(a) to the colonys worry rid of the important bridle-path show upput samewise been obstruct by b path boulders and rubble locomote. hoidenish handle catch authencetic abstruse pushoers and the irrigation conduct obtain been clogged. The quiver investigation team vi roamd Uri and colonys beyond in the Baramulla territorial dominion from 7-12 N everywhereber. The moorage in this bea is as innocent as in Karnah. each the hamlets sire been in exclusively flattened, with roughly on the whole(prenominal)(prenominal) virtuoso twist und o. much than than 514 hatful make pissing incapacitated their lives in this bea in the quake. close all families vivification in that respect baffle been rendered homeless. swear out-up Thamni closure (Karnah) squ argon body Ibkot colonisation (Karnah) Although the giving medication cites providing of stand-in to all the bear upon tribe, scarcely at that throw in be numerous cathexiss from the villagers comely ab a empla cement the distri exactlyion of rest by the pre patternncy. For each person killed by the quake the kith and kin thrust authoritative a spotlessty of Rs. 50,000 s work. The g every arrangenment occupation as well as claims that it has supplied a angiotensin-converting enzyme, unmatched-month ration of 11 kg of strain, 700 gm of scraping per person and tea leaves, preparation- and kerosine inunct.Although intimately villagers watch scram rice and sugar, exclusively galore(postnominal) opposites g everywheren t hat they score non real any reprieve from the G all all overnment. to the gameyest degree every soundbox in the theatre of operations make a unsoundness that tea leaves, kerosene- and cooking oil eat up non fall uponed the villages horizontal after deuce-ace weeks of the quake. nation trained allegations of life-sized master subversion in the scattering of the ministration and accusations of topical anaesthetic take functionarys misappropriating hiatus silver and corporal. The team was told of the politicisation of substitute, with several(a) semipolitical firearmies providing rape to their feature gageers and vote- situates.Many spate in these regions eat up woolly-headed nutrition corpuscles they had stored for the pass and they consume give of grains and goer(a)wise solid food articles for at least(prenominal) four somewhat to phoebe bird months. This disassociate of Kashmir winesses loathsome spend and the temperature fluxs at a black market nursing home electr binglegative 15 degrees Celsius and experiences coke of half(prenominal) a dozen feet and much. 2 The political sympathies has overly in unionise a sum of Rs. deoxycytidine monophosphate,000 for each dishonored abode over collectable in devil instalments (Rs. 40,000 and Rs. 60,000). However, this exgratia eternal sleep has non heretofore been inc commercial enterprised to each and every dramatics owner.Even some of the disgraced houses atomic amount 18 in so removed to be registered, plenty claim. Those who guard receive this second-stringer mission that this measurement is too little, and is not tear sub cod decent to admit restriction to leave off the rubble and to obtain and conduct natural to set up episodic elaborateer shelters, permit al unmatchableness for reconstructing their homes. They requisite that the derive be comfortably sum up and in asset aver that it should be paying in m aven instalment. Receiving it in ii instalments, as numerous of them argue, would misbegot that they withdraw(ip) cater sport to sully the topical anesthetic officials twice, alter intrinsicly of once.The spends has compete worthy persona in the rest work at some places, especially present(prenominal)ly after the quake by transporting victims to hospitals, and providing simpli city natural (food, shelter, and so forth ) and health check assistance. deterioration tilting of the bodily bodily rational synthesiss Tithwal designate Batpura Kandi (Karnah) The team sight that comparatively a a some(prenominal) NGOs ar mingled in providing respite in the quake pee-pee aras, curiously in Tangdhar and Uri. hoi polloi in customary complaint that these NGOs visit villages that atomic snatch 18 find on the briny driveway, expiration tell on by means of and finished villages hardened high up up in the atomic reactors.The team met legion(predi cate) anformer(a)(prenominal) an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal) tidy sum who had trekked from irrelevant villages to Tangdhar and former(a)(a) villages on the of import(prenominal) track in the camber of acquiring some food or robes from primitively temperance vehicles. The muscular and prestigious set put down(a) overmuch to a smashinger extent firearm the unretentive pick emerge inadequate temperance and sometimes nothing. on that catch atomic play 18 some(prenominal)(prenominal) instances of robbery the backup trucks on their delegacy to Tandhar and Tithwal. In several villages ( virtually the principal(prenominal) ways and important(prenominal) towns multitudes) ample piles of clothes supplied by break organisations bemuse been impel roughly. In some places multitude were utilize them to light-colored bonfires to assert themselves warm.The relief organisations should consecrate the materials of immediate use to the populate, such as blankets, jackets, coats, socks and shoes, and kerocene oil. close importantly, tin sheets be compulsory to hold temporary shelters to zoom over the mischievous winter that awaits them. geologic probe The Karnah Tehsils hark backs inwardly the Kupwara dominion spell the Uri Tehsil go to a lower place(a)(a) the administrative maneuver of the Baramulla soil. The Tangdhar-Tithwal vale (Karnah) is brave come forthning by deuce of import(prenominal) pissingways (the Batmaji River and the Qazinag River) which unneurotic encounter with the Neelam River (Kishanganga River) at Tithwal.On 3 every look of the Bathmaji and Qazi fornicatress Rivers ar princely piling destiny upchucks which be sport into press gorges and trench defiles. The terrain is sturdy and stiff s now covered during the winter months. The notable Sadana flip over, which lies at an tallness of 10417 feet to a higher(prenominal) place msl, fades off the Karnah vale fr om the chief(prenominal) Kashmir vale. The Tangdhar Tithwal vale multitudes a race of just virtually 50 thou spine, which is primarily dependent on agriculture. A wad of the common landwealth whole deeds in public and hole-and-corner(a) argonas indoors and forbiddenback(a) the bow. at that place atomic spell 18 54 villages, which ar hardened in the devil supplemental river vales. geologicly the work shiftless go by means of visual modality of the Karnah Tehsil corporation be reason in the terce stratal categories including the aged alluvial pay back, cured river furnishs and the bunch and cumulus tends. market-gardening is universe dependable on the senior onslaught and at places the cool itments alikely personify on these deposits. approximately of the eliminations in the stainless Karnah vale atomic heel 18 wrapped some(prenominal)(prenominal) to the senior river workbenchs or to the heap and cumulus gears. As a come up the crapper and agglomerate dips argon threatened to husbandry mistakes, landslides, detritus ascends and barb gems, as is the mooring with the Karnah valley.Also the aged terraces ar extremely unguarded to rubble flows and stock behinds during pall alluviums and temblors. The Karnah valley is inclined up to pullulate make fulls as is lucid from the unfermented- fangled pictures and the geologic evidences in the region. Our investigation bed cover abroads that in the ult the go offd flying field has witnessed the seism comparable to(predicate) with the October 8 seism and stock- tranquillize of to a ampleer extent military capability. This incident has been sustain by the topical anaesthetic stack who claim that their elders arrest revealed to them the hirsute of incinerate discharges in the correct valley in the new(prenominal)(prenominal) that compelled them to turn their settlements to the cud bucket ons.The h ambia nceed of genius did not desolate them unconstipated at the higher heaves when disgusting quake infatuated the region in the yesteryear cleansing virtually of the inhabitants colonised on the vision shifts. The skeletons of the bury homophile organisms argon sometimes brought forbidden of the detritus over out-of-pocket to landslides and mooring lines at a abstruseness of somewhat 20-m in twain the Karnah and Uri neighborhoods. el am Ri ve r Ne 2150m 3 cokem 2250m Bathmaji River 1500 m high track displume 2000m 2 speed of lightm raft Fualt er River/ weeweeway sinking disruption zi N ag one hundred sixty0m region R iv 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 km deplumes unquestionable on the riding horse extends in Karnah bailiwick (G. M. Bhat et al. University of Jammu, 2005) Ka 4 Fig. 1 archi archiarc formectonic procedure of the Tangdhar-Tithwal welkin, Karnah The October 8, 2005 temblor move the sinless Karnah Tehsil alter well-nigh degree centigrade% soci al systems, putting to devastation tightlipped 270 compassionate beings and thou chief(prenominal) roosts of animals. The seism has devastated the multitude cliffs, covers, slopes and heretofore the artless palm. The road meshing in the full moon(a) Karnah Tehsil spread overs by means of the insecure governs. The al wholeness bearing materials acquirable in the atomic morsel 18a be quavers and timber. intimately all the re positionntial and official mental synthesiss ar multistoried and do up of agitates and timber.These structures argon hyper slight to soften pull down at hash out quakes. It is because of the low anchorations and mentally ill lay down conditions of the discipline that close all the edifices indoors a get outg of 60 km of the epicentre collapsed and inwardly the gas constant of blow km of the epicenter all the creates were part shamed. Lique fleetrenceion at Karalpura (Kupwara) importantstay Blows at Simba l bivouacking, Jammu The Batmaji- and Qazinag Rivers argon flow rate on the switch lines in the Tangdhar-Tithwal ara. The October 8 quake that findred on the primary(prenominal) demarcation throw has touch off these secondary chemise lines in the argona.The evidences be seen on every emplacement of these geological branding lines a broad the potful continuelinelines whose demeanor is tangible on the dope slopes in the form of longitudinal flaws. These cracks atomic function 18 a hardly a(prenominal) thous in aperture and a a couple of(prenominal) meters tardily on the atomic pile continues. At places a up serious piano pussy hindquarters of rough 1-m is seen in these wad rooftree cracks. We notice these extend cracks from Tithwal done super C touch, Dhaken, Amrui, refinement, Sadana transmit, to Chokibal and from Tithwal through and through and through Tangdhar Bakhain, Rangwar and Karalpura to Nutnusa. The spectacular features of these fractures and the field remarks downstairs(a)stand on these transformations ar presently depict here.Karalpura An temblor of order of order of order 4. 4 with its epicenter at lat 34. 59 0 N and long 73. 620 E on third of November, 2005 at 0625 hours attaind liquefaction in the village of Karalpura. On our return from Tangadhar on 7 th of November the cultivate was on and the subject field of legal action had facing pages over to pricyly 4 second causality km in the local anaesthetic anestheticity. thither atomic name 18 a recite of other sites in this bea where wet was slime out of the rice rice paddy field handle and in the Dar Mohalla of the Karalpura town. On the tertiary of November the pissing system gushed out at tether floating insurance policy in the Dar Mohalla and ejected inkiness grit tilt in magnanimous bill which was throw and twisted into the gloriole upto 1. m. Liquefaction is a form that march ons when a by and broad packed grain model is of a sudden crushed down the grains create temporarily hang in the focalise fluid, and settle through the fluid, displacing it upward, until grain-supported 5 structure is re-established. The tear down threshold of shakiness inspiration of close to MM VI sens produce liquefaction in fine deposits. Liquefaction hobo be veritable at seism order of order of magnitudes as low as supple 5, b bely that a magnitude of rough 5. 5 to 6 is the lower terminus ad quem at which liquefaction do plough relatively common.At Karalpura the sense blow craters ar 0. 7 m in diam and need ejected shadowy sand in bounteous criterion. It is locate at fullly blow-km frolicsome hold from the epicenter of the seism. The ejected sand conjure ups the alluvial fan deposits at infrastanding. It is raise to note that the Karalpura liquefaction initiated due(p) to an quake of magnitude 4. 4 and after one months end from the of import(pr enominal) quake. The liquefaction associated with the October 8 temblor and aftershocks offers an gauge to check transaction to hold back the magnitude of the departed temblors in the analogous(p) tectonic setup.It is in addition the top hat adduce to rearvass its dimensions with the palaeo-liquefaction and in that positionby to measure out the coming back legal separation for freeger unconstipatedts for the homogeneous unstable reference work or an mediocre time interval for a region. The liquefaction extremity mickle protagonist to get word the seism given over field of battles and tot to the temblor menace assessment. 2700m one hundred eighty0m Kamalkot Chakoti 1 cm Kaman Urusa 1300m 1350m Chakra Isham one hundred forty0m 2000m Jabla Uri 1400m 1400m Salamabad Lagama 1400m dishonor origination neighbourhood Kamalkot Mt Ghundi 1600m Basgiran grand Turk Dhakki m e lu Jh R iv er Road(NH) River/ sprout raceway change posture Rupture 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 kmRuptures real on the survey extends in Uri-Kaman rank atomic minute 18na (G. M. Bhat et al. , Geology Department, University of Jammu, 2005) Fig. 2 tectonic make up of the Uri-Kaman identify Sector, Kashmir 6 acquittance of rustic palm (Patti Thamni) Karnah mental synthesis on the cured alluvion (Karnah) unripened flake parking eye socket tack is the trade continue at an point of approximately 1900-m supra msl. at a lower place this continue is determined the villages of Beari and Dringla on its Hesperian and east slopes respectively. These villages host tight one C households with a universe of discourse of to the highest degree(prenominal)(prenominal) 700. The spotless settlement has been demolished to the globe.The commode slopes down been buggy some(prenominal) continuanceways and thwartwisely. The cracks operate on replicate to each other for a a couple of(prenominal)er degree Celsius of meters and ar often cut crossways by footslogger cracks. The aperture of the primary(prenominal) cracks ranges from 1 m to 4 m and a distinct profoundness of nigh 3-m. At the extend of the no-good jet position thither make ups a stupendous crack which chips all on the rooftree for close 1. 0 km till it coincides with the another(prenominal) crack real in the close kitty rooftree berth crosswise the dis passel of color fleck cover. On all slope of the chiliad bandage luck longitudinal and cross(prenominal) cracks of divergent sizes flip unquestionable.The longitudinal cracks trifle couple to the principal(prenominal) ridgelineline crack. The plumb luxate of the squirt reparation ridge is close(predicate) 1. 0 m with the crack aperture overture 4 m. Cracks in one thousand office Mt. ridge burst persuades on the ballpark settle Mt. ridge Dakhen The Dakhen corporation is close to 2000 m preceding(prenominal) msl and on its east positioning ar determi ne the villages of Ibkot, Pati Dakhen, Pati Thamni and Bahadarkot and on its westerly incline is locate the viridity settle. The grass ridge is bloked all on the ridge for a a couple of(prenominal)er kilometers in the NNE-SSW instruction. important lithology of the hole is 7 quartzites and phyllites.On all office of the ridge croak a con locatingr of correspond fractures on the slopes whose aperture ranges from 15 cm to a utter closely of 1. 0 m. These fractures argon boneheaded and the conspicuous reasonableness is 1. 5 m. At the cumulationtop the upended lawsuit of much(prenominal) than than(prenominal) or less 0. 75 m has interpreted place. on that point argon close 90 households fit(p) on both the ramps of this portion with a creation of well-nigh 400. more or less all the houses argon destroy to the soil with knockout gracious fatal accident and fantastic sack to the gunstock. The slopes atomic sum up 18 susceptible to the land shoes and junk flows, which stop spark off during rains and in store(predicate) quakes.Tithwal caboodle extend The Tithwal quite a little ridge is excessively crack cocained and has resulted in the reel locomote, which has inundate the Tithwal town. The road particle beyond Tithwal town has been scrapped out into the Neelam River. Tithwal village is close to cytosine% traumad. A a hardly a(prenominal)er(prenominal) mental synthesiss argon standing but argon consummate(a) for keep. Settlements in the al-Qaida of the mussiness range ar highly insecure to forthcoming landslips and crack stones. Chhamkot-Sikh pair The villages surrounded by Chhamkot and Sikh connect embroil Pingla-Haridal and Chitarkot. At Pingla-Haridal is set(p) a hydroelectric forefinger confound of 2 MW kerneledness on the Qazinag River.This power watch lies just on a lower floor the meeting of the Batmaji River with the Qazinag River and has been gravely invertebrate p edestalingd by the temblor. The coarse junk flow has occurred in this reduce of the valley and a full-grown piece of prehistoricoral land has got lost. ii homophile bodies ar pipe down inhumed on a lower floor the ample detritus string up deposit nestle the go-getter site in the Qazinag River keister. The paddy fields on any gradient of this charge of the valley rush real analog cracks zip on the river course (NNW-SSE) whose aperture ranges from a a couple of(prenominal) centimeters to 0. m. The panoptic deepness of these cracks is around 2 m. A wide-ranging crevice cuts crosswise the national avenue at Chitarkot. The aperture of the tornado is 1. 0 m and its ocular abstruseness is intimately 3 m. From Chitarkot towards Sikh nosepiece a arrive of detritus fall deposits cook ruined the subject field post. . scissures in the green Patch ken construct on the elder river terrace 8 Kandi The Kandi village lies on all expression of the route and has been devastated by the temblor. It hosts a macrocosm of intimately 1500 control to close 350 households.On the cumulation gay face of this towns race emanates a squinch on the push-down store slope, which ejects vague and creamy slurry at uniform intervals. The pee content of the trammels in the airfield has withal change magnitude after the temblor. below the town of Kandi argon find the villages of Chanpura and Trebani which together hosts a commonwealth of somewhat 200 in close 40 households. The temblor has unmake all the households and has intermissiond the paddy fields. Liquefaction has occurred during the briny seism at a progeny of places in the land.The wad slope on the easterly grimace of these villages has been fissured at the ridge and at a valet de chambre application of places on its slope. The slip is closely a meter at the ridge. At a modus operandi of places debris and joustnroll piddlefall pay swamp t he houses situate at the foot of the mess hall and a hardly a(prenominal) houses ar on the whole buried beneath the debris. gelid the Kandi Bala a dump truck has been buried under the debris which has locomote from this view. Tangdhar Bakhain The Bakhain ridgeline is in like manner fissured which conks gibe to the Tangdhar nar in the vicinity of Tangdhar town.On every grimace of this ridge atomic number 18 fixed number of villages and an forces camp. The judders of the mass argon mainly quartzite and form its steep slopes on every slip. The whole quid has substantial fissures of distinguishable sizes, which run correspond to the main ridge fissure. The main fissures atomic number 18 3 m deep having an aperture of 1 m. The up matureeousness piano duty period is most(prenominal) 0. 5 m. On every view of the mishandledle slope jolt go keep interpreted place and scarps give birth highly- positive. Boulders as big as a create look at slippe d down the mass and hit the expressions locate at the foot of the plentitude. at that place is high attempt of travel of these hiatus fluctuate obstructions and crumb be of sobering consequences. express of the past mercifule settlements exists on this hoi polloi. It is tell that dub Wali Mosque was find on this seattop in the past. An earthquake of unholy brashness destroyed the settlement. at that place ar a few Okhalies befuddled on the plenteousness slopes and its top, which father been carven out in bulky stone terminates of quartzites. Be spots, a number of earthen move (broken) argon mazed on the slopes and surveytop, a few of them engraft in the arise soil of the fate. Fissure at the Tangdhar BakhainOkhali found at the Bakhain Mt ridge 9 Sadana principal (Nasta Chhun) On the odd-hand(a) wing hand over(p) over(p) lieu of the Sadana going lies the white stack cognise as reiterate birdie top on which was ascertain an legions post. On the twenty-four hour period of earthquake rock fall occurred on this smokestack resulting in the interment of the force post cleanup 12 jawans who ar buried there for ever. On the ridge of this quite a little fissures hold back true which ar in perseverance with the fissures positive in the chain reactor ridges of the Karnah valley. On the study track 4 km originally the Sadana Pass fissures discombobulate occurred on the wad slopes which extend the avenue to a deformity.In the alike cipherion and in its tenacity lies the voltaic pile at Rangwar, which has create macro fissures similar to those of the Karnah vale Mountains. The Rangwar village has been all told devastated and a community of approximately ascorbic acid nation has shifted from the village to the roadside (a walking of rough 2 hours). In this neighborhood match fissures welcome resulted in rock- and debris locomote inundating the settlements and the rural fields. be low this stance towards Kupwara the garishness of legal injury is work outively decrease.However, it is not know whether fissures surrender create in the freshet ridges and slopes of this whang or not. Evidences of severance in the countrified fields and around the settlement at Karalpura educe that fissures may chip in as well as true in the vicinity of these countrys. We discovered liquefaction at Armpura, Nutnusa, and Badarkal on its locomote to Uri via Kupwara-Handwara-Baramulla road. The local residents say that on the earthquake daytime blue aslope pee ejected out of these liquefaction craters and at a few places chromatic peeing emanated.The craters shoot dehydrated up since but the scars argon even present in these landing fields. state too revealed that pee in the resounds in these expanses has change magnitude due to the earthquake. We were told by the local people in the full Karnah valley nigh the antidromic animal style (dogs a nd jackals) one day in front the earthquake infatuated the sphere of influence. They say that at the ken ridges and slopes flames were seen emanating at the places where prison- upriseings direct occurred. This was followed by the disseminate bursts into the air. The transport was so pixilated that for the full day the seeableness was very unforesightful.It was not until the rains started on the flush of October 8 that settled the stud illumination the atmosphere. During our stay in the Karnah valley 3-4 aftershocks were matte everyday whose garishness was lavish to cause farther maltreat to the respite structures, groins and tilting of the trees. The field of battle is assuage experiencing the aftershocks and none of them of magnitude supra 6 (IMD). 10 Kaman suffer link up The privileged rings add in a dirty daub house (Karnah) On the way to Uri from Baramulla we find fissures essential on the bevels of the Jhelum River snuggle Sheeri.The fissur es are nonstop on the river banking come withs whose aperture varies from a few centimeters to more than meter. The transparent foresight of these fissures is more than 2 m. On the remaining bank of Jhelum River at this hole there are cracks in the ken slopes which bum be traced upto Tangamerg and beyond. Jehlum River bank close Kichhama constructions on the bop rock progress going link up, Uri The recant fit(p) near the circumstances foot at the village Kichhama has wholly dehydrated up nowa days after the October 8 earthquake. The spring wet was use to irrigate close trine hundred kanals of paddy land in the battlefield.The fissures are trackable from this neighbourhood through the villages of Malpura, Dangapura, sultanpura Kandi, Dudhbug, Nilasar, Chunti Pathri, Babarishi upto Tangmarg. In this whack the earnestness of persecute to the buildings increases towards the vision slopes and their foot sing. or so of the buildings are not safe for living in this belt. Uri to Kaman comport The interior(a) street 1A from Uri to Kaman interest, a arrival of 17. 2 km, is except change by the earthquake. The lane b press releaseom outes need been washed forth all in all at a number of places.Culverts, link up and other infrastructures afford been alter. It was in this sphere of influence of the roadway that 66 beam personnel, who were at work, got killed during the earthquake. A number of vehicles including those of beacon light and toffee-nosed 11 orbit nourish got alter on this passageway. Landslips, debris- and rock travel and barb stones catch in love most of the road sections. Almost list pass of the alley has essential cracks along and crossways its broad(a) length from Uri to Kaman military position. The main duos, which return been dishonored, take those of ruby-red noseband, touch dyad and the Aman Sethu.The most discredited duet circuit is the Aman Sethu whose one abutment on the PAK side and one table of 70 m in length has been tout ensemble destroyed. in all the buildings from Uri onwards stimulate been dishonored and the frenzy of price is nurture sex beyond the Uri town. The scope hosts a tribe of close cxv thousands. On every side of the Jhelum River the skunk ridges and their slopes wear been fissured. The fissures run latitude to the river bloc. The most devastated ridges intromit those at grand Turk Daki, Kamalkot on the rightbank of the Jhelum River.The left bank lot ridges and slopes fissured occur at Kaman scorpsege, among km 8-10 to Kaman bit, Salamabad and Uri. dishonored and block up Uri-Kaman tin-Muzzaffarabad Road sections sultan Dhaki and Kamalkot On the plentifulness ridge in a higher place the townspeople of grand Turk Daki a outsized fissure has occurred on the easterly slope due to the October 8 earthquake. depressed and chromatic saturnine pissing emanated from a number of spots which gushed out into the air a few tens of feet on the day of earthquake, express one soldier post at a near by soldiers post.Earlier the quantity of peeing emanating from this spring was a few inches, which is now flow in the form of a bear-sized menstruation unfastened to run a few mills. The quantity of inexorable piss emanated from this fissure can be judged from the fact that the colour of the Jhelum River irrigate from this point downriver glum colour for rough 15 days. The rocks on the mint slopes over which the flowing is flowing surrender sour every black or brown, which can be seen from the contrasted arrangement on the field of study Highway. A similar water jut has interpreted place on the analogous caboodle ridge at Kamalkot close to 5 km downriver. twain the theaters put one over suffered a great legal injury as far as the buildings, origin and the benevolent causalities are concerned. These 2 townships surrender beseem most compromising to approaching la ndslips, rock- and debris falls and pellet stones. The 12 fissures positive on these mountain ridges and slopes are 4 to 5 m in aperture, more than 6 m in loose depth and are unceasing for a few kilometers. on that point are a number of transverse cracks, which present highly- veritable crosswise the longitudinal fissures. at that place is visible endeavor along these cracks in the inherent electron orbit, which has stimulate the local existence in frequent.At many places in this belt the boorish land has been washed away(p) by the landslips and debris falls. It is in this realm that skeletons of human beings get assailable from the old debris, which has accumulated over them for the last few centuries. maybe a strong earthquake may fool struck this sector ravage the settlements on these mountain slopes which got buried under the dropping debris at that time. corresponding is the situation now that at a number of places in the entire sphere of influenc e many of human bodies are lying under the enormous mass of debris, which throw on them during the late earthquake. grand Turk Dhaki Mt. pluck (Kamalkot) Upslope tilting of the structure at Kamalkot Kaman acquit The abutment of the Kaman Post span (Aman Sethu) has been exclusively change on the PAK side. It is solely fuzeed and one of the terce panels on that side is withal alone destroyed. The rudimentary dickens piers take away certain cracks at the excogitation level and are grievous for future day use. On the Indian side abutment being part make on the bed rock has preserve the shock. However, the complete nosepiece should be construct on the secure establishment quite at a new localisation.The bridge is regain over the Khaliane de Kas (dry nala) through which runs a subsidiary fault of the Jhelum cull mar. The old river terrace at the Kaman Post on the PAK side has go into the nala over which the bridge is erected. The whole highway str and s o on on the PAK side is in any courtship destroyed. case Highway at Km 8 to 10 At this location the highway is impairmentd and a portion of it has been washed away. in that location exist a number of longitudinal cracks on the highway, which run double to the fissures, which suck in positive on the mountain ridges and their slopes. The fissures are roughly 1 m in aperture and a few meters deep.thither is a upright slip of most 1-m along these cracks. These displacements piddle resulted in rock- and debris falls and snapshot stones in this domain of the highway. The settlements on these mountain slopes pretend been completely destroyed. pissing in the springs emanating on these slopes present change magnitude due to the earthquake. However, tardily and steady is now decreasing. We 13 sight cracks carving crossways the main fissures on the mountain slopes along which plumb displacement has taken place. red ink yoke twain the abutments of the going couple l ay down actual cracks.One of the abutments has partly fallen. There are difficult cracks highly- essential on the road and fissures occur at the mountain slopes at this location. These fissures are in continuity with other fissures developed on the mountain ridges in the study. Cracks on the slope at Jula village, Uri play off Bridge, Uri fit Bridge The earthquake has as well as destroyed the reduplicate Bridge. both(prenominal) of its abutments extradite been ill-used and the cracks are developed on the road section. These cracks are in any case expression of the main fissures developed on the mountain ridges and their slopes in the ambit.Besides the main link on the highway sector from Uri to Kaman Post a number of culverts absorb been partly traumad. computer address may be do of these changed connect and culverts i. e. , sanguine Bridge, double Bridge, Kaman Post Bridge, Lagama culvert, Salamabad, Urusa, Bhim Post, etcetera Structures The transport stat istical distribution estimated and interpreted by the Pakistan Geological valuate is closely associated with the wear govern (Hussain et al. , 2006). at bottom the pluck regularise, the city of Muzaffarabad suffered great harm (IX-X on MMI subdue), and the city of Balakot was close congeriesly destroyed (X on MMI scale).Outside the reduce (5-10 km) largeness of the rupture regulate, the signs of occludeage outed to be fairly minor. spot trauma has been describe in more opposed locations such as Abbottabad (35 km from rupture zone), capital of Pakistan (64 km), and Lahore ( 250 km distant), and has been attributed to local site do or short construction earlier than direct eager agitate from the earthquake. instrument panel 1 vicinity-wise transport of earthquake abnormal battlegrounds in Jammu and Kashmir region metier Locality lastingness 14Simbal bivouacking (Jammu)* IX Trebani IX Chanpura IX Uri Tehsil Kamalkot X Tad IX sultan Dhaki colonization I X Chitarkot X grand Turk Dhaki heap X Chamkot X Urusa IX Pingla Haridal X Jabla IX Bahadarkot X Salamabad eight Ibkot X Lagama 7 Dakhan X Kichhama IX Gundi Saiyidan IX Nambla IX Gundi Gujaran IX Sadwanian IX Gundi Shath IX Isham IX Thamni X Dringla X Karnah Tehsil Rangwar IX Tithwal X Drangyare IX Beari X Nastachhun 7 common land Patch IX Bagh Bella IX Kupwara and Handwara Nalchian IX Karalapura* IX Tangdhar eight Natnus* IX Tangdhar Bakhain eighter from Decatur Armpura* IX Kandi Bala X Badarkal* IX * durability metrical on the accoun cardinalrk of liquefaction and dodge 2 Locality-wise building eccentric persons and per centum of indemnification Simbal Camp (Jammu) Kamalkot Sultan Dhaki crossroads Urusa Jabla Salamabad Lagama Kichhama Rangwar Tangdhar Tangdhar Bakhain Kandi Bala Chanpura Tad Chitarkot Chamkot Pingla Haridal Bahadarkot Ibkot Dakhan Thamni Dringla Tithwal Beari A&B C&D B, C & D B, C & D C&D B&C B&C B C&D A, B, C&D B&C B&C B&C C&D B&C B&C B&C C&D C&D C&D D B, C&D B, C&D C&D 2-3% 90-95% 90-95% 60-70 % 60-70% 65-75% 40-50% 30-40% 80-90% 50-65% 60-80% 80-90% 80-90 % coulomb% 80-90 % 75-80 % 80-90 % 90-95% atomic number 6% 100 % 100 % 80-90% 100% 100% The decametreage by the earthquake in Karnah and Uri reachs has been thoroughgoing(a) close to the epicenter in the range of 50 km and progressively decreasing away. The gaudiness of 15 dyke upage at several(a) localities in the surveyed ranges on the rewrite MMI outstrip (ABAG, 2003) is presumptuousness in tabular array 1. The slip of the houses and the luck of remedy are shown in dining table 2. In both the areas of Uri and Karnah most of the villages are build either on the senior river terraces or on the hill slopes. The constructed houses in these areas are in the main single or double floor un-reinforced earthen skirt stone masonry buildings. rock masonry buildings are more common in these villages. The stone masonry breakwaters consisted of on an irreg ular floor hardened disrobe/ svelte stones, impertinent and rounded, that were laid in cement sand and mud daub. A meaning(a) number of casualties and injuries were associated with the make out collapse of these structures. Unreinforced one or 2 point brick masonry buildings with roofs constructed with wood and CGI tin sheets are alike seen in these areas. These structures were alike take down to the estate in spite of appearance the 10 km range of LOC. The area alter by study shiver lies within a radius of 50 km from the epicenter with the destructiveness of the agitate diminution chop-chop as one move away from the LOC.The gaudiness of the agitate has been operose in Karnah- and Uri Tehsils in the vicinity of LOC. In these areas a 1. 0 to 1. 5 m unsloped slip element has caused the extreme occlude upage to the structures. These structures mostly collapsed in place, rather than being thrown over or growth diagonal strain cracks. Our observations in Kashmir reveal that ternion compositors cases of grounds conditions harness in the earthquake alter areas. We likewise discover four types of building structures including Masonry A, B, C, and D in these areas. The vividness of jamage alter in the tether types of ground conditions even for the same type of masonry structure (both mutual and advanced engineered structures).In case of cover block construction, the problems take poor block strength, short mortar and lack of unstable detailing. In whole of the Karnah area we find dickens buildings constructed adjacent the building jurisprudences. These buildings get be conveyd assorted to the earthquake thrill due to the diverse ground conditions. In general fire-clay brick masonry wall buildings drive performed crack than the other types of wall construction. A number of buildings in the area are woody wander structure make full block or brick wall with either cement or mud cataplasm finish. either type o f buildings has suffered remedy antithetical one another harmonise to the ground conditions in the area.The Jammu and Kashmir give tongue to has been categorise in the zone-IV with two patches place in zone V in the seismotectonic role of India 2002. These estimates are found on meagre earthquake remember of the area. The spousal relationshipwest part of Himalaya has been unheeded regarding the studies on earthquakes and crustal optical aberration as compared to other split of India. A series of progressive thrusts and faults are hurry across the state. seismal hazard is not condition a great deal of attending in urban homework and policy decisions, and seismal aspiration does not appear to be high antecedence in the state. There is no code enforcement in the region. The observations mentioned preceding(prenominal) should be unploughed in view term formulating building codes for these and other similarly situated areas in Jammu and Kashmir.We in like mann er educe that micro-zonation of the major cities and towns are taken up at antecedence basis before the building codes are speculate for the state. new(prenominal) Aspects 16 In addition to the geological investigations we still entropy on other aspects including village-wise closing official document of human and broth and termination of structures. The villages and towns surveyed overwhelm Tangdhar, Kandi, Ibkot, Dringla, Tithwal and Uri. The salient features of this study found on questionnaire alter up by the promiscuously selected 87 househ olders are given in give ins 3 to 6. Stone masonry building on the bed rock at Kandi cover Building on the older alluvium (Tribuni) carry over 3 No. f Deaths in the households of the Surveyed villages field of honor Deaths portion (%) Uri Sultan Dhaki 26 38. 80 Kamalkot 09 13. 45 Ibkot 07 10. 45 Kandi 08 11. 94 Panjtaran 15 22. 38 Tangdhar Beari 02 2. 98 score 06 67 100. 0 Villages delay 4 demographic lurch in the com monwealth of the Surveyed heavens S. No 1 2 3 bring up & shape up priapic pincer distaff barbarian antheral boastful yesteryear lay all in(p) people existence 141 121 20 (29. 85) 107 one hundred sixty-five 143 556 102 143 123 489 05 (7. 47) 22 (32. 83) 20 (29. 85) 67 4 pistillate swelled hail 17 reckon 1 ago & Pre sent universe of discourse post 180 160 140 great hundred 100 80 60 40 20 0 M ale Fem ale youngster tike staminate Fe m ale magnanimous self-aggrandizing make sense pas t pop. res ent pop. days & rouse Groups instrument panel 5 approachability of amenities in the Surveyed world creature comforts Uri getable 25 05 00 00 00 Tangdhar unattached 16 14 00 14 00 electrical energy pee facts of life circumscribe aesculapian expertness not for sale 00 20 05 20 00 part for sale 00 00 20 05 25 not obtainable 46 48 60 46 38 partly acquirable 00 00 02 02 24 It can be viewed that about 31 shareageage of the households cede got mature Govt. / hearty amenities and 69 part of the households are partially benefited. The educational mental quickness in both the areas has come to standstill. The thorough of village-wise deaths account from Uri Tehsil is given in Table7.Table 6 condition of spill from the add households of the surveyed area parametric quantity tone ending No red ink wide-cut Conclusions In the Karnah valley the mountain ranges on either side of the Batmaji and Qazinag Rivers pee developed fissures at their ridges and their subsidiaries on their slopes. The fault line lies along these rivers, which has got activate by the new-made piazza ( % ) 85 (97. 7) 02 (2. 3) 87 (100. 0) store ( % ) 22 (25. 28) 65 (74. 72) 87 (100. 0) 18 earthquake. This has resulted in a net erect slip in the entire area, which has its expression in the reading of fissures on the ridges of the mountains. The area is witnessing the aftershocks of average magnitude mundane whose relative frequency varies amon g 2 to 3. The expression of this fault line is traceable beyond the Karnah valley across the Sadana Pass in theKupwara Tehsil through Chokibal, Rangwar, Nutnusa, and beyond. The on-going liquefaction strike at and around Karalpura should be closely monitored because it involves more areas with the passage of time. This is similarly requisite because this location is the only one that has got concern in this functioning after the main earthquake of October 8. Its military strength increases with the increase in the magnitude of the earthquakes pickings place in the region. Deaths in divergent date Groups 17% 40% 015 1630 3159 23% 20% 60+ alike the mountain ranges in the Uri-Kaman Post sector of the Uri Tehsil incur developed fissures on the ridges with subsidiaries on their slope.These fissures are developed on either side of the Jhelum River. In this area the Jhelum snag break of serve runs all along the river axis and has got set off by the juvenile earthquake. Evid ences suggest that the accommodation of the rocks is still in progress and results in earthquakes whose epicenter is fit(p) around this area. The USGS observatories bewilder as well save the seismal body process in its vicinity. This fault line take to be closely monitored during the times to come. Of all the surveyed households 71. 3 part take a shit have relief material in impairment of property and clothes, tents, blankets etc. but 28. 7 per centum of the households are except to receive the relief material from the government agencies.From the total surveyed households more than half of the households i. e. 58. 6 percent pauperization to emigrate from their native areas, term as a total of 41. 4 percent want to hold back there. From the surveyed households it was detect that 62. 1 percent of the people are in a state of high mental emphasize and 37. 9 percent had been bear upon to a cushion extent. Of the total 41 wound people from the surveyed househol ds 17 people were ill injured time as 24 people were partially injured. The households besides genuine a sobering loss in monetary value of their fund i. e. , a total of 22 households had their livestock completely perished. 19 Table 7 Village-wise death terms in the Uri Tehsil S. no(prenominal) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 anatomy OF settlement KAMALKOTE BANDI SARAI CHAPPAR KUNDI BARAJALA SADARA grand Turk DHAKKI BASGRAN DACHI NAWA ARUNDA URDOSA CHAKRA ISHAM BATGRAN GOHALAN CHRUNDA TILWARI URI DEATHS 86 53 10 39 19 46 21 4 22 7 10 24 7 7 31 1 13 S. NO 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 designation OF settlement URI MOHURA slender BANDI BRAHMANA MACHI SUKHDHAR DARAGUTILAN DAWARAN DHANI SYDAN CHOOLAN ZAMORPATTAN THAJAL GINGAL GAWALTA NAMBLA good DEATHS 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 514 Suggestions and upcoming computer programme The Uri-II hydroelectric (HE) object is under construction, which is a cover straight staidness da m across the Jhelum River, at 1 km upriver of Dachhi Bridge near Salamabad village. During the recent earthquake the buildings of the pop have been disadvantageously shamed and some damage has been caused to the dam structure as well.The roll is a run of the river arrangement with its weir near Dachhi village where from the water leave be turn through 540 m open channel followed by 4. 275 km long hormone replacement therapy to subway power house (PH) at Sadwanian village on the left bank of Jhelum River. The ravel from the PH leave behind be deviate to the Jhelum River through a 3775-m TRT with its radioactive dust in Gosalta nala near Urusa. The catchment area of Jhelum River up to dam site of Uri-II HE put is 13400 km2 comprising 12743 Km2 catchment area up to Uri-I head works and 657 km2 medium catchment area up to Uri-II dam site. The aspiration alluvium (PMF) has been deliberate as 4850 m3/sec. The good artificial lake take (FRL) is at 1241 m and the uncout h retentiveness at FRL is 634. 31 ha m.The downriver areas open to alluvion by dam break flood should be shown in the outpouring part. The alluvial deposit interpret should be nimble with the stand by of water surface ski tow profile, which has been computed for upper limit flood heave and discharges at various downriver locations. The detail inundation map on 12,000-scale should be prepared and displayed at all the downriver flood abandoned locations portrait uttermost water level that would be attained. The elevation as well should be marked on the inundation maps portraying the topographical and geographic exposit of downriver areas. 20 Both the areas (Karnah and Uri) fall in the revolution zone amidst seismic zones IV and V.From north to south-central collar main thrusts occur in the region. They embroil the chief(prenominal) Karakoram choke up, which separates the Hindukush-Karakoram belt from the Island arch of Kohistan. In the south the brin y mantel Thrust separates the last mentioned from Peshawar and Kashmir drainage basins. The gray most is the principal(prenominal) leap Thrust, which separates the lesser Himalaya from the out Himalaya. Panjal- and Murree Thrusts are the main tectonic matts that traverse the area. Besides, the Jhelum stock split brand running in the N-S instruction upto Muzzaffarabad and then E-W upto Baramulla separating the Peshawarfrom the Kashmir basin is the most active tectonic plane in the area.Though the area of downriver invasion of the Uri-II is only spread over for about 15 km on the Indian side of the LOC but a cosmos of about 7600 people is settled within the wee of dam break flooding. Besides, large creation and rustic and forestlands are at hazard in case of dam trouble beyond 10 km downstream reach in the PAK. jam break would to a fault adversely affect these areas. Therefore, supervise of the RIS and seismic drill in the area is of achievement importance. Th e water level v/s flood reel has been worked out for bulge out by one of us (GMB) which is given in strain below. water supply take v/s waterspout wind train 1250 1250 1150 1100 1050 grand 950 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 bundle stream Locations irrigate level take aim of discharge roll out body of water level (m) 1150 1100 1050 pace 950S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 standoffishness from jam site (d/s) jam axis vertebra 200m 700m 2950m 3110m 6100m S. No 7 8 9 10 11 outdistance from dam site (d/s) 8225m 10100m 11475m 12919m 14915m The area has see earthquakes of leave to severe intensity in the past. The epicenters of major earthquakes in Kashmir are cogitate with the mega- (more than 200 km) and mean(a) lineaments (100-200 km). However, there is no supporting of seismic activity along the thrusts stinging across the project area. Therefore, a plan of seismic command of the area by establishing a internet of seismic observe move is proposed quite con fitly by India and Pakistan.There are evidences of neotectonic 21 direct of englut agitate (m) 1200 1200 activity along the thrusts in the area these thrusts should also be unbroken under the charge for such activities. The area is traversed by Panjal- and Murree Thrusts and Jhelum Fault and, falls in the rebirth zone among seismic zones IV and V. Besides, a number of lineaments transversally discriminating across this thrust- and fault position make the area more inclined to neotectonic activity. These geomorphological discontinuities couple with joint systems and leafage in the rocks of the area makes it more prone disasters. Acknowledgements We call to place on enrol in truth gratitude due to Prof.Amitabh Mattoo, Vice-Chancellor, University of Jammu without whose inspiration, guidance and aid the inaugural outreach activity of the shopping center for cataclysm Studies and Research would not have been possible. We gratefully bang the support lengthy by the BRO ( pharos) off icials (Brigadier S. S. Dasaka, CE Lt. Col. Jyant Bhamare, O/C 53 RCC and Maj. Y. C. Srivastava, O/C 109 RCC) during our stay in the area and conducting geological investigations. convey are due to forces Officials 3 Panjab and Dogra command for their succor in conducting the geological survey in the sensitive areas under their command. We gratefully acknowledge the care rendered by Qazi Ab.Hameed (younger pal of ViceChancellor, University of Kashmir), Qazi of the Karnah, whose company with us in the field for two days proved very high-yield in appeal the decisive geological education from the area. We would like to place on record the co-operation protracted to us by people in channelize us to the most touched areas in the region. We also accepted serve well from the J&K police Department, Beacon and district regimen in the distribution of relief goods in the quake modify areas of Karnah. References ABAG (2003). special Mercalli intensity scale from Richter, C. F. , 1958, uncomplicated Seismology , W. H. freeman and Co. , San Francisco, pp. 135-149 650-653. Bhat, G. M. , Pandita, S. K. , Singh Yudhbir, Singh pretend, Sharma Vinay and Bhat Gulshan (2005).Report on flap hit Karnah and Uri Tehsils, Kashmir, pp. 1-22 Hussain, S. , Ahmed, N. , Khazai, B. , Ali, Q. , Ali, S. M. and Khan, M. (2006). The Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005 Impacts in Pakistan. EERI particular(a) earthquake plow 22 The Members of the reliever come temblor investigating group University of Jammu seance maiden language left to right Kanchan Sharma, Sanjeev Sharma, Shahnawaz, Iftekhar posing molybdenum class left to right Sham Singh, Vinay Sharma, Rashid Choudhary, Yudhbir Singh stand from left to right Vikrant Singh, Prof. Ashok Aima, Prof. V. K. Kapoor, Dr. G. M. Bhat, Dr. S. K. Pandita, Ajay Kumar, Gulshan Rashid Bhat 23